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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Sustainable Land Application

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

	Plant Nutrients and Sustainable Land Application

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Pierzynski and Gehl (18–28) review the recent literature relative to advances in our knowledge of plant nutrient issues and land application of by-products. Interest in this area has been driven by environmental concerns. Key indicators of the environmental issues are N and P in surface waters, nitrates in ground water, and emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. Federal legislation in the USA governing nutrient management has stimulated considerable research. Improved assessment of potentially available N in by-products, the development of P loss assessment tools, techniques for measuring ammonia emissions, animal diet modifications, and use of advanced spectroscopic techniques are a few of the topics with considerable research efforts. Considerable progress has been made addressing plant nutrient issues for sustainable land application and interest in this topic will remain strong into the foreseeable future.

	Land Application Conference Emphasizes Beneficial Reuse Issues

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Land application systems are engineered soil-based systems designed for the decomposition and assimilation of animal wastes, agricultural wastes, biosolids, industrial wastes, and municipal and/or industrial effluents. Overcash et al. (29–41) review the state of the science of land application as presented at the Sustainable Land Application Conference held in January 2004. Current information and information needs related to terrestrial fate pathways in land treatment systems are discussed. Attention is given to conventional organic chemicals as well as estrogenic, pharmaceutical, and other new chemicals of concern. Specific terrestrial fate pathways addressed include: decomposition, bound residue formation, leaching, runoff, and crop uptake. These mechanisms allow for assimilation of wastes and protection of the environment and accomplish the goal of sustainable land use. The limited technology choices for treatment of biosolids, liquids, and other wastes imply that acceptance of some risks and occurrence of some benefits will continue to characterize land application practices that contribute directly to the goal of beneficial reuse and sustainability.

	Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Disease-causing microorganisms in land-applied wastes can create a potential risk to public health. The major sources are animal feeding operations, municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents, biosolids, and on-site treatment systems. More than 150 known enteric pathogens may be present in the untreated wastes, and one new enteric pathogen has been discovered every year over the past decade. There has been increasing demand that risks associated with the land treatment and application be better defined. For risks to be quantified, Gerba and Smith (42–48) discuss that more data are needed on the concentrations of pathogens in wastes, the effectiveness of treatment processes, standardization of detection methodology, and better quantification of exposure.

	Trace Element Bioavailability in Soils Treated with Residuals

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Trace element solubility and availability in land-applied residuals are governed by fundamental chemical reactions among metal constituents, soil, and residual components. Several key concepts that can be used to explain bioavailability and risk from trace metals in land applied residuals (e.g., waste) are reviewed by Basta et al. (49–63). Future research needs to advance our understanding of trace element availability in residual-treated soils include studies to determine (i) chemical mechanisms of trace element sequestration influencing bioavailability, (ii) risk to ecological receptors, and (iii) long-term bioavailability.

	Radioactive Materials in Biosolids

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
In the United States there are no identified situations in which radioactive materials in sewage sludge are a threat to the health and safety of publicly owned treatment works (POTW) workers or the general public. However, there have been a small number of facilities where elevated levels of man-made radioactive materials were detected at elevated levels. Based upon this past experience, there have been concerns that radioactive materials could concentrate in sewage sludge and ash and pose a threat to the health and safety of POTW workers or the general public. Bastian et al. (64–74) describe the results of efforts undertaken by the Sewage Sludge Subcommittee of the Interagency Steering Committee on Radiation Standards (ISCORS) to conduct a survey of radioactive material in sewage sludge and ash, perform dose modeling of the survey results to address radiation concerns to estimate typical levels of radioactive materials in POTWs around the country, and develop recommendations on the management of radioactivity in sewage sludge and ash for POTW owners and operators, including guidance on evaluating whether the presence of radioactive materials in sewage sludge or ash could pose a threat to the safety of their workers or the general public.

	Research Needs on Nitrogen Mineralization from Organic Residues

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Research on N mineralization from organic residues is important to understand N cycling in soils. Cabrera et al. (75–79) review past research on N mineralization from organic residues with the objective of highlighting areas needing additional research. Important factors controlling N mineralization are composition of the residue, soil temperature and water content, drying and rewetting events, and soil characteristics. Spectroscopic techniques show promise for characterizing residue compounds that play critical roles in N mineralization. Studies are needed to evaluate the interaction of soil temperature and water content, the effect of drying and rewetting events, and the influence of soil characteristics on N mineralization from organic residues.

	Assessing Organic Pollutants in Land Applied Residuals

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Two significant challenges in regulating certain pollutants that may be in residuals applied to land include the ability to accurately determine the concentrations of the organic compounds in residuals, and to appropriately estimate the risk presented by these compounds in land application scenarios. Kester et al. (80–90) provide a synopsis of analytical issues, risk assessment methodologies, and risk management screening alternatives for organic constituents in biosolids. Examples from experience in Wisconsin are emphasized but can be extrapolated for broader application.

	Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Biosolids

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Once conveyed to wastewater treatment plants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) can remain unchanged or undergo partial or complete transformation during wastewater treatment processes before discharge into the environment via effluent and biosolids for land application. Biosolids can be a major sink for some PPCPs. However, no information is available on exactly how closely the concentrations of PPCPs in the environmental media are related to the land application of PPCP-containing biosolids. Xia et al. (91–104) reviewed currently available information on the occurrence of PPCPs in biosolids, methods of analysis, the potential fate of PPCPs in biosolids-applied soils, and composting as a potential means for removal of PPCPs from biosolids.

	Managing Pathogen Risk from Biosolids

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
The land application of biosolids may give rise to human health risks due to infectious disease. Godfree and Farrell (105–113) review the effectiveness of wastewater and sludge treatment on bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens against the background of legislative requirements in the USA and Europe. Concerns about possible health effects, either directly or via food crops, have prompted a move toward higher levels of treatment, often by retrofitting thermophilic processes or introducing alkaline stabilization. Quality management systems based on the principles of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point provide a means of assuring pathogen reduction

	Biosolids—Risk Assessment Evolution

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Risk-based approaches for evaluating the suitability of land application of biosolids have evolved since the Part 503 Rule was promulgated in 1993. Schoof and Houkal (114–121) identify factors driving changes in biosolids risk assessments, including changes in chemical constituents present in biosolids, alterations in exposure patterns, and updates in understanding of chemical toxicity. New data, as well as new methodological approaches, such as probabilistic exposure assessments, have framed recent evaluations of potential human health and ecological risks. These improvements help ensure that management and application of biosolids occur in a manner protective of human health and the environment.

	Addressing Perceptions of Biosolids Risks

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Biosolids managers, policymakers, and research scientists often hear concerns about the land application of biosolids. Understanding and appreciation of such concerns are improved by applying social science theory regarding factors that influence perception of risk and how risk is communicated. Beecher et al. (122–128) review pertinent social science literature, a U.S. survey of public perceptions of biosolids, and their experiences involving stakeholders in biosolids research. Respectful two-way communications and stakeholder involvement can lead to improved research designs and outcomes that are more credible and useful to diverse stakeholders.

	Malodors Induce Health Complaints

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Historically, agricultural products such as meat, eggs, and dairy products were produced on family farms where animals ranged freely over an expanse of land. Over the past few decades, however, small family farms have been supplanted by large intensive production facilities that house thousands of animals in a small area. While intensive animal agriculture can meet the increasing market demands for inexpensive animal products, one consequence has been the escalation of complaints about malodors and associated health symptoms by neighbors in surrounding communities. Schiffman and Williams (129–138) have studied the mechanisms by which exposure to malodorous aerial emissions may cause neighbors to report health symptoms such as eye, nose, and throat irritation, headache, nausea, diarrhea, hoarseness, sore throat, cough, chest tightness, nasal congestion, palpitations, shortness of breath, stress, drowsiness, and alterations in mood. Sustainability of intensive animal agriculture will necessitate the development of new technologies to mitigate odorous aerial emissions.

	Ecosystem Restoration

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Historic mining operations have left large areas devoid of life. Restoring these lands offers an opportunity to recreate natural habitat. Brown et al. (139–148) evaluated ecosystem function after application of biosolids and lime to mine tailings that had been deposited along the Arkansas River in Leadville, CO, during the beginning of the 20th century. The amendment was added to reduce metal toxicity, improve soil fertility, and restore a native ecosystem. A range of measures, including soil tests, tests of microbial function, earthworm assays, plant assays, small mammal analysis, and fish assays all showed the treatment was able to reduce the toxicity of the tailings. A functioning ecosystem has been restored to this site.

	Livestock System Environmental Performance

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
As a part of the USEPA's Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Final Rule, all CAFOs are required to develop and implement a Nutrient Management Plan (NMP). This NMP emphasizes improving efficiency of nutrient utilization (specifically manure nutrients) in cropping systems and buffers to reduce edge-of-field losses of nutrients. The regulations do not emphasize nutrient issues associated with imported feeds or potential accumulation of nutrients within a livestock feeding operation. Koelsch (149–155) reviews two mandatory and two voluntary nutrient management strategies using whole-farm nutrient balance procedures designed to define the overall farm's nutrient utilization efficiency and potential nutrient accumulations. Results suggest voluntary nutrient management strategies targeting a current animal dietary option and exporting of manure to off-farm uses can have greater environmental benefits (30–60% reduction in P accumulation for case study farm) than mandatory NMPs (5–7% reduction in P accumulation for case study farm) for a typical beef cattle feedlot.

	Soils Sustain Organic Carbon Removal

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Soils sustained the removal of organic C during soil aquifer treatment. Fox et al. (156–163) report that organic C did not accumulate on soils that had removed organic C from reclaimed water for more than a decade. Accumulation of organic C only occurred near the soil–water interface where biological activity was greatest. Soil organic C content decreased at depths below 8 cm to levels less than the original soils. Microbial removal mechanisms may sustain organic C removal without concern over accumulation and subsequent breakthrough of adsorbed organic C.

	Manure Management on Dairy Affects Grass Production

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Legislation in the USA has recently focused on improving water quality by establishing management practices that limit the quantities of nutrients entering the water supply. VanWieringen et al. (164–173) report that timely application and quantification of the amount of manure applied throughout the grass-growing season can reduce the loss of nutrients in ground or surface water while improving the quality and quantity of grass harvested. Yield estimates, N content of grass, and the amount of N in soil and manure were monitored at each cutting for plots amended at different manure application rates. The new grass seedings were at higher risk of elevated levels of nitrate N in forage. Increased forage nitrate N at harvest was associated with malfermented silage and increased levels of ammonia N, which resulted in less efficient use of metabolizable protein for milk production. Also, understanding the N cycling among manure, soil, and plant provided an opportunity to reduce purchased fertilizer.

	Interpreting Science in the Real World

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Land treatment technologies have been effectively employed for the treatment and recycling of many types of wastewaters and organic residuals for many years. Today's land application practices, which are designed to treat and/or recycle wastes, have evolved from earlier practices that centered on cheap disposal with less regard for environmental protection. Bastian (174–183) reviews how current land application practices, and our understanding of them, have evolved over time and explores how science is used (and sometimes misused or ignored) in the design, regulation, and management of sustainable land application systems, arguing that systematic research programs are as important today as ever to support studies aimed at producing information on how soil-based treatment and recycling systems work and perform.

	Manure Magnesium Affects Water Quality

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The failure of P in manure-impacted soils to stabilize with time compounds the environmental consequences of dairy manure disposal, especially on sandy soils. Josan et al. (184–191) found evidence that Mg–P associations could be responsible for P release over long periods of time even after cessation of manure additions. Magnesium phosphates are generally more soluble than Ca phosphates and are less likely to stabilize (become less soluble) with time. Mechanisms to minimize P release from manure-impacted soils to protect water quality may require P-retaining soil amendments or management of animal rations to eliminate Mg forms of P in manure.

	Peat Samples Reveal Air Pollution Patterns of Metals

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Peat cores from ombrotrophic bogs are increasingly used to study time trends in atmospheric deposition of metals. Steinnes et al. (192–197), in a study covering 21 sites in Norway, found surface peat to be an excellent medium also to study geographical differences in metal loads. Long-range transport of pollutants was found to be the main source in the peat for As, Cd, Pb, Sb, and Zn, and to some extent for Cu and Se. Biogenic emission from the ocean is the major source of Se, whereas Co, Cr, Fe, and Ni are mainly from windblown local soil dust. Surface enrichment by nutrient circulation between the peat and vascular plants is evident for Mn and in part for Zn.

	Biogas Emissions from a Swine Waste Lagoon

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The production of CH₄ via the anaerobic digestion of animal manures can contribute to greenhouse gas inventories. In 2001, DeSutter and Ham (198–206) used four floating gas collection rafts to quantify biogas production rates from a 2-ha anaerobic lagoon that was used to store and treat wastes from a 10500-head swine-finishing operation. Nearly 790 mol biogas m^–2 were produced annually from the lagoon with the largest fluxes occurring during a 30-d period beginning on 26 May. At peak production, the flux of biogas from the middle portion of the lagoon was 18.7 mol m^–2 d^–1 (19.5 L m^–2 h^–1). Methane concentration in the biogas was determined to be 0.71 L CH₄ L^–1 and thus, 86.3 Mg of methane was produced from the lagoon during the study period. Flux rates of CH₄ were 1.7 to 3.4 times less than predictions made with IPCC models. A C balance estimate indicated that only 2.2% of the C entering the facility as feed was lost as CH₄ from the lagoon through anaerobic digestion.

	Biodegradation in Plant Root Zone

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Phytoremediation, the use of plants to reduce hazardous contamination, has been shown to be effective in treating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), although the exact mechanism of dissipation is unclear. Parrish et al. (207–216) conducted a 12-mo greenhouse study to evaluate the contribution of root death and decay on the removal of these compounds in rhizosphere soil. Tall fescue and yellow sweet clover were the target plants. Though tall fescue treatments had the highest root and shoot biomass and root surface area, establishment of this plant did not result in the highest contamination degradation rates. Differences were noted between treatments for seven PAHs, with the active yellow sweet clover resulting in 60 to 75% degradation of these compounds in soil. Induced root death and decay did not produce a significant enhancement of PAH degradation.

	Bacteria Remove Selenium from Drainage Water

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Irrigation drainage water contaminated with Se causes significant harmful effects to fish and wildlife. Siddique et al. (217–226) report the isolation and identification of bacteria that are capable of transforming toxic Se oxyanions (selenate and selenite) to nontoxic elemental Se in agricultural drainage water. Selenate was removed from the drainage water by the bacteria in 5 to 6 d after addition of rice straw. Nine selenate- and 34 selenite-reducing bacteria were isolated from the drainage water containing rice straw. Bacterial identification through DNA sequence analysis showed a broad phylogenetic diversity comprising three major phyla (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes) with numerous classes, orders, and families. For many of these isolates, this is the first report on their ability to transform Se. These bacterial strains may have potential application in removing Se from agricultural drainage water.

	Agricultural Chemicals Migrate through Till Fractures

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Fractures in till may provide pathways for agricultural chemicals to contaminate aquifers and surface waters. Helmke et al. (227–236) quantify the influence of fractures on solute fate and transport by passing three conservative and two nonconservative tracers through large columns of fractured till. First arrival velocities of bromide ranged from 0.004 to 64.8 m d^–1, 10 to 100 times faster than predicted for unfractured till. Nitrate behaved as a conservative tracer in weathered tills, but degraded during experiments using deeper tills, and sorption caused retardation of atrazine in the shallowest tills. Results suggest aquifers and surface waters associated with thin, fractured till units are vulnerable to contamination, yet deeper aquifers may be protected by these materials due to increased residence times.

	Cadmium Hitches a Ride on Bacteria in Gravel Aquifer Media

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Adsorption of immobile contaminants onto mobile colloids and their cotransport in aquifer media can pose a threat to ground water quality. Pang et al. (237–247) demonstrate that when high-concentration Bacillus subtilis spores or Escherichia coli were introduced into a column packed with gravel aquifer media, the transport velocity and total concentrations of Cd significantly increased. Results of the batch experiments showed that adsorption of Cd onto the bacteria was a kinetic process and was positively related to solution pH, bacterial concentration, and negative surface charge, but inversely related to Cd concentration. This study also suggests the mechanism of Cd cotransport with the spores clearly differs from that with E. coli. As bacteria can mobilize heavy metals from porous media, it is possible to develop bioremediation technology that can remove highly adsorbed heavy metals from contaminated sites by the introduction of certain bacteria.

	Antimony Leaches from Contaminated Soils

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Lead bullets contain Sb and other elements (Cu, Bi, Ni, Tl, and Hg) that contaminate soils at shooting ranges, but they only pose a long-term threat to ground water resources if they are soluble. Johnson et al. (248–254) found that with the exception of Pb, Sb was the most soluble element under neutral pH conditions. Elemental Sb is oxidized to Sb(III) and then to the more soluble Sb(V) and concentrations of up to 5 mg L^–1 can be reached. In soils with high Sb concentrations, the precipitation of Ca[Sb(OH)₆]₂ may account for these concentrations. However, in lower soil layers as Sb concentrations decrease, sorption to minerals including Fe (hydr)oxides is likely to be the more important solubility-controlling process, though only a fraction appears to be bound reversibly. This study provides new insights to the geochemical properties of Sb and highlights which developments are necessary.

	A Sequential Extraction Procedure for Mercury-Contaminated Soils

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To assess Hg fractionation and mobility in highly contaminated soils from chlor-alkali plants (CAPs), Neculita et al. (255–262) developed and validated a novel sequential extraction procedure. The extraction procedure was very precise and recovery ranged between 93 to 98% for the certified reference material and 70 to 130% for the CAP-contaminated soils. Mercury was separated into four fractions defined as water soluble (F1), exchangeable (F2) (0.5 M NH₄Ac-EDTA and 1 M CaCl₂ were tested), organic (F3) (successive extractions with 0.2 M NaOH and CH₃COOH 4% [v/v]), and residual (F4) (HNO₃ + H₂SO₄ + HClO₄). The soil samples were extremely contaminated (295 ± 18 to 11500 ± 500 mg Hg kg^–1) but the majority of the Hg was associated with the least mobile residual fraction (F4). In two soil samples, however, high percentages (88–98%) of the total Hg were present as volatile Hg. The very high total Hg concentrations in all study soils, as well as the results of Hg fractionation and speciation, suggest a potential ecotoxicity via the soil solution and the atmosphere.

	Trace Metal Partitioning in Sediment Profiles

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Contaminated sediments can act as a source of trace metals in aquatic systems. The release of metals from sediments is dependent on the partitioning of metals between pore water and various solid fractions. Burton et al. (263–273) report Cu, Pb, and Zn partitioning behavior in sediment profiles. Total solid-phase metal concentrations were strongly correlated with sediment texture. Association of Cu, Pb, and Zn with operationally defined fractions was dependent on the abundance of each individual fraction. Copper and Pb were strongly bound to the sediment solid phase, whereas Zn was associated with more mobile fractions.

	Subsurface Hydrology Governs Corn Grain Yields

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Understanding factors that control differences in crop growth across an agricultural field is essential for the development of effective management strategies. Gish et al. (274–286) report that discrete subsurface flow pathways, identified with ground penetrating radar, were critical in understanding the impact of soil and climate on within field variability of corn grain yields. During a drought, corn grain yields decreased with increasing distance from the subsurface flow pathways. In addition, over a 3-yr period soil water contents decreased with increasing distance from the subsurface flow pathways. This research demonstrates that knowledge of the subsurface hydrology may be critical to effectively manage corn grain production.

	Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery

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Delivery of P from diffuse agricultural sources to rivers and lakes causes eutrophication. Heathwaite et al. (287–298) report soil colloids are an important vehicle for P delivery to surface waters. They developed a test that showed agricultural soils differ in their propensity to release P attached to soil colloids and this likelihood was related to the turbidity of soil extracts. Plot experiments showed P can be transported in subsurface flowpaths and the 2- and <0.001-µm colloid fractions were the most important. Plots receiving fertilizers and/or manures lost most P in subsurface flow relative to zero P plots, and transport through the soil either as intact organic colloids or attached to mineral particles was important. The research shows the potential for soil drainage water to mobilize colloids and associated P during rainfall events.

	Surface Biosolids Application has Hydrological Effects in the Desert

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Surface biosolids application affects infiltration and erosion in the Chihuahuan desert. These effects are an important piece of the overall ecological impact of surface biosolids application. Moffet et al. (299–311) examined the effects of various rates of surface-applied biosolids on infiltration and erosion at three post-application ages, in winter and summer. Infiltration and erosion were measured from simulated rainfall on 0.5-m² plots. In general, application of biosolids increased near-surface soil organic C content and steady state infiltration rates, and reduced erosion. The degree to which biosolids affect infiltration and erosion depends on the amount of biosolids applied, soil and vegetation characteristics, and the season in which the biosolids were applied. There was little or no effect of post-application age on infiltration and erosion.

	Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil Properties

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Tillage erosion has been identified as a major process of soil redistribution on sloping arable land, yet its impact on soil properties has hardly been studied. Heckrath et al. (312–324) report large tillage translocation rates from a typical Danish field leading to truncated soils on shoulderslopes and deep, colluvial soils on the foot- and toeslopes. Tillage translocation was strongly correlated with A-horizon depth, organic C, and P in soils. A large number of soil cores was collected on a regular grid and analyzed for Cs-137 inventories, as a measure of soil redistribution, and other soil properties. As a major control of within-field variability of soil properties, tillage erosion thus has important implications for SOC dynamics on hummocky land and increases the risk of nutrient losses by overland flow and leaching. Tillage erosion effects on crop yield were confounded by topography–yield relationships.

	Atrazine Sorption–Desorption by Mulch Residue

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Sorption and desorption kinetics are essential components for modeling the movement and retention of applied agricultural chemicals in soils, and those which are susceptible to runoff. Selim and Zhu (325–335) investigated the retention characteristics of sugarcane mulch residue for atrazine based studies of sorption–desorption kinetics. Atrazine retention by the mulch was well described using a linear model where the partitioning coefficient increased with reaction time and was an order of magnitude higher than for Commerce silt loam soil. A kinetic multireaction model was successful in describing sorption behavior and observed hysteretic atrazine behavior during desorption for all input concentrations.

	What Happens to NDMA in Landscape Soils?

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N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a widely known carcinogen, has been found in recycled water as a by-product of chlorination. When wastewater effluents are used for irrigating landscapes, NDMA may become a potential pollutant for ground water. Yang et al. (336–341) found NDMA was negligibly adsorbed in landscape soils, and its persistence varied greatly in soils with different landscape covers. Therefore, different NDMA leaching risks may be anticipated in landscapes with different planting covers.

	Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly Sorbs Organic Contaminants

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Sorption of organic contaminants is a key process regulating their fate and bioavailability in soils and sediments, and soil (sediment) organic matter (SOM) is the dominant sorbent. SOM is often associated with soil minerals. Wang and Xing (342–349) discovered that the SOM fraction adsorbed by soil minerals was highly aliphatic and strongly sorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Therefore, mineral-associated SOM (often called humin) may primarily control the fate and bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and sediments.

	RZWQM Model Needs Refinement for Turfgrass

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Nitrogen fertilizers are used to maintain optimum turfgrass quality, but off-site movement of this primary nutrient can affect water quality. Schwartz and Shuman (350–358) applied the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to 4 yr of runoff data. They found RZWQM adequately simulated water runoff volumes in the first three, normal or wet years, but overpredicted in the fourth dry year. RZWQM overpredicted nitrate N loads by a factor to 1.3 for the first 3 yr (nonsignificant), and by a factor of almost 6 for the fourth year (significant). Results show refinements to the use of RZWQM are needed for turfgrass management applications.

	Diet Manipulation Reduces Phosphorus in Runoff

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Interest has recently focused on diet modification to reduce P concentrations in poultry diets, manures generated, and hence P losses in runoff from poultry litter application sites. Maguire et al. (359–369) studied the impact of reducing P in turkey diets, and using the enzyme phytase, on P concentrations in litters produced and P losses in runoff. Formulating diets with less P decreased both litter total P and water-soluble P, while phytase only decreased litter total P. Combining reduced dietary P and use of phytase decreased P losses in runoff from turkey litter–amended soils and therefore is recommended as a best management practice in areas of intensive poultry production.

	Phosphorus Leaching in Manure-Amended Soils

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Soils oversaturated with P from animal manure loading can cause P leaching. Butler and Coale (370–381) investigated the possibility of P leaching through four Atlantic Coastal Plain soils treated for five consecutive years with no-tillage and chisel tillage and dairy manure and broiler litter. The 0- to 15-cm depths for the four soils exceeded 30% P saturation at the lowest P application rate. At depths greater than 30 cm, the degree of P saturation was typically below the 30% saturation threshold. This research intimated that P loss through surface runoff would be a greater concern in manured soils since the majority of the surface soil samples (0–2 cm) exceeded the 30% P saturation threshold. Phosphorus leaching through the four Atlantic Coastal Plain soils studied was not high; however, P leaching through large, connected soil pores may cause P loss from these soils.

	NMR Estimates Phosphorus in Poultry Litter Better

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Sequential chemical extraction has been used for decades to assess P pools in soils and animal manures. The P fractions are, however, only operationally defined and the accuracy of the assignment of P species to the extracted P fractions is not known with certainty. Hunger et al. (382–389) combined sequential chemical extraction of alum-amended poultry litter with solid-state ³¹P NMR spectroscopic analysis of the solid residues after each extraction step to validate assignments of P species to the extracted fractions. Phosphate associated with aluminum hydroxides, which is primarily responsible for the reduced P solubility in alum-amended poultry litter, is mainly extracted by NaOH, as predicted, but some residues remain, which are only extracted with HCl. Calcium phosphate phases are exclusively extracted with HCl, but quantitative analysis of the NMR spectra shows their amount is overestimated by an order of magnitude.

	Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient Cycling

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Filtration of sediment from floodwaters is a normal function of riparian forests and one that is critical in maintaining water quality. Land uses such as urbanization and agriculture often elevate sediment loads in streams and subsequent deposition within riparian areas. However, elevated levels of sedimentation may exceed the deposition capacity of riparian forests and, subsequently, jeopardize structure and function (including filtration) of those systems. Examination by Lockaby et al. (390–396) of impacts from high levels of sedimentation indicated nutrient availability related to decomposition, N mineralization, and microbial immobilization was reduced at fairly low sedimentation thresholds. Reduced nutrient availability may represent one mechanism through which degradation of structure and function can occur in riparian forests.

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