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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Sustainable Land Application

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

	Plant Nutrients and Sustainable Land Application

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Pierzynski and Gehl (18–28) review the recent literature relative to advances in our knowledge of plant nutrient issues and land application of by-products. Interest in this area has been driven by environmental concerns. Key indicators of the environmental issues are N and P in surface waters, nitrates in ground water, and emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. Federal legislation in the USA governing nutrient management has stimulated considerable research. Improved assessment of potentially available N in by-products, the development of P loss assessment tools, techniques for measuring ammonia emissions, animal diet modifications, and use of advanced spectroscopic techniques are a few of the topics with considerable research efforts. Considerable progress has been made addressing plant nutrient issues for sustainable land application and interest in this topic will remain strong into the foreseeable future.

	Land Application Conference Emphasizes Beneficial Reuse Issues

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Land application systems are engineered soil-based systems designed for the decomposition and assimilation of animal wastes, agricultural wastes, biosolids, industrial wastes, and municipal and/or industrial effluents. Overcash et al. (29–41) review the state of the science of land application as presented at the Sustainable Land Application Conference held in January 2004. Current information and information needs related to terrestrial fate pathways in land treatment systems are discussed. Attention is given to conventional organic chemicals as well as estrogenic, pharmaceutical, and other new chemicals of concern. Specific terrestrial fate pathways addressed include: decomposition, bound residue formation, leaching, runoff, and crop uptake. These mechanisms allow for assimilation of wastes and protection of the environment and accomplish the goal of sustainable land use. The limited technology choices for treatment of biosolids, liquids, and other wastes imply that acceptance of some risks and occurrence of some benefits will continue to characterize land application practices that contribute directly to the goal of beneficial reuse and sustainability.

	Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Disease-causing microorganisms in land-applied wastes can create a potential risk to public health. The major sources are animal feeding operations, municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents, biosolids, and on-site treatment systems. More than 150 known enteric pathogens may be present in the untreated wastes, and one new enteric pathogen has been discovered every year over the past decade. There has been increasing demand that risks associated with the land treatment and application be better defined. For risks to be quantified, Gerba and Smith (42–48) discuss that more data are needed on the concentrations of pathogens in wastes, the effectiveness of treatment processes, standardization of detection methodology, and better quantification of exposure.

	Trace Element Bioavailability in Soils Treated with Residuals

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Trace element solubility and availability in land-applied residuals are governed by fundamental chemical reactions among metal constituents, soil, and residual components. Several key concepts that can be used to explain bioavailability and risk from trace metals in land applied residuals (e.g., waste) are reviewed by Basta et al. (49–63). Future research needs to advance our understanding of trace element availability in residual-treated soils include studies to determine (i) chemical mechanisms of trace element sequestration influencing bioavailability, (ii) risk to ecological receptors, and (iii) long-term bioavailability.

	Radioactive Materials in Biosolids

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
In the United States there are no identified situations in which radioactive materials in sewage sludge are a threat to the health and safety of publicly owned treatment works (POTW) workers or the general public. However, there have been a small number of facilities where elevated levels of man-made radioactive materials were detected at elevated levels. Based upon this past experience, there have been concerns that radioactive materials could concentrate in sewage sludge and ash and pose a threat to the health and safety of POTW workers or the general public. Bastian et al. (64–74) describe the results of efforts undertaken by the Sewage Sludge Subcommittee of the Interagency Steering Committee on Radiation Standards (ISCORS) to conduct a survey of radioactive material in sewage sludge and ash, perform dose modeling of the survey results to address radiation concerns to estimate typical levels of radioactive materials in POTWs around the country, and develop recommendations on the management of radioactivity in sewage sludge and ash for POTW owners and operators, including guidance on evaluating whether the presence of radioactive materials in sewage sludge or ash could pose a threat to the safety of their workers or the general public.

	Research Needs on Nitrogen Mineralization from Organic Residues

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Research on N mineralization from organic residues is important to understand N cycling in soils. Cabrera et al. (75–79) review past research on N mineralization from organic residues with the objective of highlighting areas needing additional research. Important factors controlling N mineralization are composition of the residue, soil temperature and water content, drying and rewetting events, and soil characteristics. Spectroscopic techniques show promise for characterizing residue compounds that play critical roles in N mineralization. Studies are needed to evaluate the interaction of soil temperature and water content, the effect of drying and rewetting events, and the influence of soil characteristics on N mineralization from organic residues.

	Assessing Organic Pollutants in Land Applied Residuals

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Two significant challenges in regulating certain pollutants that may be in residuals applied to land include the ability to accurately determine the concentrations of the organic compounds in residuals, and to appropriately estimate the risk presented by these compounds in land application scenarios. Kester et al. (80–90) provide a synopsis of analytical issues, risk assessment methodologies, and risk management screening alternatives for organic constituents in biosolids. Examples from experience in Wisconsin are emphasized but can be extrapolated for broader application.

	Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Biosolids

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Once conveyed to wastewater treatment plants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) can remain unchanged or undergo partial or complete transformation during wastewater treatment processes before discharge into the environment via effluent and biosolids for land application. Biosolids can be a major sink for some PPCPs. However, no information is available on exactly how closely the concentrations of PPCPs in the environmental media are related to the land application of PPCP-containing biosolids. Xia et al. (91–104) reviewed currently available information on the occurrence of PPCPs in biosolids, methods of analysis, the potential fate of PPCPs in biosolids-applied soils, and composting as a potential means for removal of PPCPs from biosolids.

	Managing Pathogen Risk from Biosolids

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
The land application of biosolids may give rise to human health risks due to infectious disease. Godfree and Farrell (105–113) review the effectiveness of wastewater and sludge treatment on bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens against the background of legislative requirements in the USA and Europe. Concerns about possible health effects, either directly or via food crops, have prompted a move toward higher levels of treatment, often by retrofitting thermophilic processes or introducing alkaline stabilization. Quality management systems based on the principles of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point provide a means of assuring pathogen reduction

	Biosolids—Risk Assessment Evolution

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Risk-based approaches for evaluating the suitability of land application of biosolids have evolved since the Part 503 Rule was promulgated in 1993. Schoof and Houkal (114–121) identify factors driving changes in biosolids risk assessments, including changes in chemical constituents present in biosolids, alterations in exposure patterns, and updates in understanding of chemical toxicity. New data, as well as new methodological approaches, such as probabilistic exposure assessments, have framed recent evaluations of potential human health and ecological risks. These improvements help ensure that management and application of biosolids occur in a manner protective of human health and the environment.

	Addressing Perceptions of Biosolids Risks

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Biosolids managers, policymakers, and research scientists often hear concerns about the land application of biosolids. Understanding and appreciation of such concerns are improved by applying social science theory regarding factors that influence perception of risk and how risk is communicated. Beecher et al. (122–128) review pertinent social science literature, a U.S. survey of public perceptions of biosolids, and their experiences involving stakeholders in biosolids research. Respectful two-way communications and stakeholder involvement can lead to improved research designs and outcomes that are more credible and useful to diverse stakeholders.

	Malodors Induce Health Complaints

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Historically, agricultural products such as meat, eggs, and dairy products were produced on family farms where animals ranged freely over an expanse of land. Over the past few decades, however, small family farms have been supplanted by large intensive production facilities that house thousands of animals in a small area. While intensive animal agriculture can meet the increasing market demands for inexpensive animal products, one consequence has been the escalation of complaints about malodors and associated health symptoms by neighbors in surrounding communities. Schiffman and Williams (129–138) have studied the mechanisms by which exposure to malodorous aerial emissions may cause neighbors to report health symptoms such as eye, nose, and throat irritation, headache, nausea, diarrhea, hoarseness, sore throat, cough, chest tightness, nasal congestion, palpitations, shortness of breath, stress, drowsiness, and alterations in mood. Sustainability of intensive animal agriculture will necessitate the development of new technologies to mitigate odorous aerial emissions.

	Ecosystem Restoration

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Historic mining operations have left large areas devoid of life. Restoring these lands offers an opportunity to recreate natural habitat. Brown et al. (139–148) evaluated ecosystem function after application of biosolids and lime to mine tailings that had been deposited along the Arkansas River in Leadville, CO, during the beginning of the 20th century. The amendment was added to reduce metal toxicity, improve soil fertility, and restore a native ecosystem. A range of measures, including soil tests, tests of microbial function, earthworm assays, plant assays, small mammal analysis, and fish assays all showed the treatment was able to reduce the toxicity of the tailings. A functioning ecosystem has been restored to this site.

	Livestock System Environmental Performance

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
As a part of the USEPA's Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Final Rule, all CAFOs are required to develop and implement a Nutrient Management Plan (NMP). This NMP emphasizes improving efficiency of nutrient utilization (specifically manure nutrients) in cropping systems and buffers to reduce edge-of-field losses of nutrients. The regulations do not emphasize nutrient issues associated with imported feeds or potential accumulation of nutrients within a livestock feeding operation. Koelsch (149–155) reviews two mandatory and two voluntary nutrient management strategies using whole-farm nutrient balance procedures designed to define the overall farm's nutrient utilization efficiency and potential nutrient accumulations. Results suggest voluntary nutrient management strategies targeting a current animal dietary option and exporting of manure to off-farm uses can have greater environmental benefits (30–60% reduction in P accumulation for case study farm) than mandatory NMPs (5–7% reduction in P accumulation for case study farm) for a typical beef cattle feedlot.

	Soils Sustain Organic Carbon Removal

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from... Biosolids—Risk Assessment... Addressing Perceptions of... Malodors Induce Health... Ecosystem Restoration Livestock System Environmental... Soils Sustain Organic Carbon... Manure Management on Dairy... Interpreting Science in the... Manure Magnesium Affects Water... Peat Samples Reveal Air... Biogas Emissions from a... Biodegradation in Plant Root... Bacteria Remove Selenium from... Agricultural Chemicals Migrate... Cadmium Hitches a Ride... Antimony Leaches from... A Sequential Extraction... Trace Metal Partitioning in... Subsurface Hydrology Governs... Colloidal Phosphorus Delivery Surface Biosolids Application... Tillage Erosion Impacts Soil... Atrazine Sorption-Desorption by... What Happens to NDMA... Adsorbed Humic Acid Strongly... RZWQM Model Needs Refinement... Diet Manipulation Reduces... Phosphorus Leaching in Manure... NMR Estimates Phosphorus in... Sedimentation Impacts Nutrient...

 
Soils sustained the removal of organic C during soil aquifer treatment. Fox et al. (156–163) report that organic C did not accumulate on soils that had removed organic C from reclaimed water for more than a decade. Accumulation of organic C only occurred near the soil–water interface where biological activity was greatest. Soil organic C content decreased at depths below 8 cm to levels less than the original soils. Microbial removal mechanisms may sustain organic C removal without concern over accumulation and subsequent breakthrough of adsorbed organic C.

	Manure Management on Dairy Affects Grass Production

TOP Sustainable Land Application Plant Nutrients and Sustainable... Land Application Conference... Pathogens in Land-Applied Wastes Trace Element Bioavailability in... Radioactive Materials in... Research Needs on Nitrogen... Assessing Organic Pollutants in... Pharmaceuticals and Personal... Managing Pathogen Risk from...