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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Fertilizer Applications Influence Phosphorus Runoff

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

	Phosphorus Transfer at Various Scales

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
The rate, form, and pathway of P transfer in surface runoff can differ with scale. Understanding the causes of these differences is essential to carrying out effective research and developing effective management strategies that reduce P transfer from intensive pasture systems. Dougherty et al. (1973–1988) use a conceptual model of P transfer in surface runoff as the basis for reviewing literature relating to the effect of scale on this process. The review considers differences in source, mobilization, and transport processes at a range of scales from plot to landscape. The implications of these differences for research and the development of management options are discussed.

	Older Septic Systems Need Upgrade

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Onsite septic systems require appropriate soil characteristics to provide effective wastewater treatment. Using digital soil survey data, Day (1989–1996) evaluated siting practices of more than 1100 existing septic systems within the Cannonsville Reservoir watershed in New York. Geographic information system analysis found that while 80% of soils in the basin present serious problems to septic system function, 69% of installed systems were designed for soils that have few or no restrictive layers. These on-site systems have relied heavily on horizontal distance to streams (mean = 130 m) to provide adequate treatment. Potential failures would leak materials such as P or pathogens into the environment, with public health implications. Results imply that many septic systems in the watershed need design improvements.

	Economic Evaluation of Livestock Regulations

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Setbacks are a common zoning device used to minimize the off-site impacts of a livestock operation and conflicts between farms and nonfarm neighbors. Setbacks reduce impacts by establishing minimum separation distances between new livestock facilities and different features to protect water quality, minimize odor, and provide visual buffers. Bazen and Fleming (1997–2006) report that the challenge continues to be one of attempting to balance the need for additional regulations with the need to provide an environmentally sound, economically viable livestock industry. Economic theory applied to odor impacts has been used to demonstrate that site-specific regulation minimizes social cost relative to uniform regulation because firms are able to take advantage of spatial differences in marginal cost. Furthermore, at the legislated setback length, livestock-producing firms are not encouraged to research, develop, or implement odor-reducing, best management practices or technologies.

	Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in Wildlands

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Elevated atmospheric N inputs to wildlands affect many ecosystem components and processes and can ultimately affect water quality and visibility in highly valued locations such as national parks, forests, and wilderness areas. However, for most ecosystems exposed to air pollution, little is known of the amounts of N-containing air pollutants that are deposited. This is largely because of the difficulty in measuring dry deposition fluxes of the many nitrogenous air pollutants found in polluted atmospheres. A practical alternative for quantifying N deposition inputs is to collect throughfall solutions (precipitation collected under vegetation) and measure nitrate and ammonium concentrations in the samples. This provides a measure of the atmospheric N flux to the forest floor. Fenn and Poth (2007–2014) describe a simple, cost-effective throughfall or precipitation collector, based on ion exchange resin columns, that can be deployed in the field for up to 1 yr, greatly reducing logistical and analytical costs and making it practical to monitor N deposition inputs at a larger number of sites, including in remote areas.

	Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene Bioavailability

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Wong et al. (2015–2025) evaluated the effects of synthetic- and bio-surfactants on solubilization and degradation of phenanthrene (PHE) under thermophilic conditions. They discovered that the biosurfactant from an isolated strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa P-CG3, was effective in enhancing the solubility of PHE at 50°C, even better than the non-ionic surfactant Tween 80. However, addition of surfactants inhibited the biodegradation of PHE in mineral salts medium by an isolated indigenous Bacillus sp. B-UM. Biosurfactants have potential in improving the solubility of PAHs to improve bioremediation under thermophilic conditions.

	Biological Removal of Chlorate

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Chlorate release into the environment occurs with its manufacture and use. Kroon and van Ginkel (2026–2029) demonstrate that chlorate-containing wastewater can be treated in a hydrogen gas-lift reactor with immobilized microorganisms. The microorganisms used chlorate as an electron acceptor and hydrogen gas as reducing agent. After a start-up period of only a few weeks, chlorate reduction rates of 3.2 mmol L^–1 h^–1 were achieved during continuous operation of the gas-lift bioreactor. Complete removal of chlorate was maintained at hydraulic retention times of only 6 h.

	Riparian Forests Reinforce Stream Banks

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
The roots of riparian plants reinforce stream banks and reduce stream bank erosion. Wynn et al. (2030–2039) compared root density and distribution along stream banks with woody and herbaceous vegetation. While the herbaceous vegetation had a greater overall root density than the woody vegetation, the roots were concentrated in the upper 30 cm of the stream bank and were largely composed of very fine roots. In contrast, the riparian forests had a greater density of larger-diameter roots and a better distribution of roots across the bank face. Thus, riparian forests may provide greater reinforcement against stream bank erosion than herbaceous vegetation, particularly along the outside of meander bends, where the stream banks are steep and the hydraulic shear stress is high.

	Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus Loading

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Sediments can be an important source of P in shallow, eutrophic lakes. Steinman et al. (2040–2048) report that the diffusive flux of P from sediments can account for up to two-thirds of the total P load in Spring Lake, MI. However, alum application counteracted this flux. In the absence of alum, P release rates were dependent on the redox state in the cores; aerobic conditions resulted in substantially less P release than anaerobic conditions. In the presence of alum, P release was virtually undetectable, irrespective of redox state. Although alum is a potentially effective means of reducing the sediment source of P in Spring Lake, its long-term effectiveness in this system will depend strongly on reducing the P in watershed runoff.

	Changes in Metal Bioaccessibility

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Fendorf et al. (2049–2055) used a physiological based extraction test (PBET) to estimate the bioaccessible fraction of As-, Cr-, and Pb-amended soils from the A and B horizons of the Melton Valley series. With the exception of Pb amended to the A horizon, all other treatments exhibited a marked decrease in bioaccessibility with incubation time that was well described by an exponential decay. The bioaccessible fraction was less than 0.2 mg kg^–1 within 30 d incubation for As and Cr in the A horizon and for As and Pb within the B horizon; Cr in the B horizon declined to nearly 0.3 mg kg^–1 within 100 d of aging. Only the exchangeable fraction of As and Cr was highly correlated with the decline in bioaccessibility. Results demonstrated limited bioaccessibility in all but one case and the need to address both short-term temporal changes and, most importantly, the soil physiochemical properties.

	Infrared Spectroscopy for Measuring Soil Metal Content

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Assessments of the spatial extent of metal contamination of soil in industrialized regions are needed for assessing risk of contaminant metal transfer to the food chain. For this purpose, rapid and nondestructive methods such as diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy provide potentially useful alternatives to chemical methods of soil metal analysis. Siebielec et al. (2056–2069) assessed the utility of near- and mid-infrared spectral regions for soil metal determinations. Although both spectral regions produced valid calibration models for soil metal content, the mid-infrared region markedly outperformed the near-infrared region. They concluded that mid-infrared spectroscopy holds considerable promise for rapid estimates of soil metal content.

	Thorium Mobility in Soil

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Mobility mechanisms of radionuclides in soil is of interest as it affects potential soil stabilization and remediation techniques. Bednar et al. (2070–2077) report potential mechanisms of Th migration in a semiarid soil. Because of its low solubility, Th transport as a simply dissolved species is usually small compared with movement of colloidal material. Additionally, electrokinetic and filtration experiments show migration of Th in soil associated possibly with natural organic matter.

	USEPA Regulation Overpredicts Transfer of Biosolids Metals to Corn

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Land application of biosolids is a potentially sustainable management practice for municipal wastewater sludge. Understanding long-term effects of biosolids applications on crop metal concentrations and transport of metals through terrestrial food chains is critical to evaluating sustainability of the practice. Granato et al. (2078–2089) report that concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in corn leaf and Cd and Ni in corn grain decreased, while Cu and Zn in grain remained constant 13 yr following cessation of biosolids applications. Thirteen years following cessation of biosolids applications, corn grain from biosolids-amended fields had higher Cd and Zn concentrations than grain from unamended fields and leaves from amended fields had higher Cd, Ni, and Zn concentrations than leaves from unamended fields. Biosolids applications had no effect on Cu and Ni in grain and resulted in decreased concentrations of Cu in leaves. The risk models in the USEPA's Part 503 biosolids regulation were found to overpredict uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn into corn at this Illinois site.

	The Effect of pH on Metal Accumulation in Two Alyssum Species

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Nickel-mining plants Alyssum murale and A. corsicum have a natural capability to hyperaccumulate Ni to such extent that their harvested shoots can be used as a bio-ore of Ni. When grown on soils contaminated with Ni from industrial emissions, Alyssum can be used for environmental cleanup, which brings profit because Ni phytoextracted by plants can be recovered by smelting. It is well established that increasing soil pH decreases solubility of Ni in soils and Ni uptake by agricultural crops, but little is known about the effect of soil pH on metal uptake by metal-hyperaccumulator plants. In a pot study with Ni-contaminated Port Colborne (Ontario) soils, Kukier et al. (2090–2102) observed that increasing soil pH increased Ni uptake by Alyssum. This was an unusual response, opposite to agricultural crops, which grown in these soils had decreased Ni uptake as soil pH was increased. Liming of Port Colborne soils, which reduces Ni phytotoxicity to agricultural crops, makes Ni-phytoextraction by Alyssum more profitable.

	Soil Pollution by the Prestige Oil Spill

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
On 13 Nov. 2002, the oil tanker Prestige sprang a leak off Cape Finisterre (Galicia, northwestern Spain). The spill affected a large part of the Galician coast. Andrade et al. (2103–2110) reports the effects of the spill on salt marshes, a type of ecosystem that was also severely affected and where conventional mechanical oil removal methods would wipe out most vegetation. Soil samples were taken from polluted and unpolluted areas and their petroleum hydrocarbon contents, heavy metal contents, and other chemical and physical characteristics were measured. Oil pollution altered both chemical and physical soil properties, aggregating soil particles in plaques, lowering porosity, and increasing resistance to penetration and hydrophobicity. The Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, Pb, and V contents of polluted soils were between 2 and 2500 times higher than those of their unpolluted counterparts. Because of the vulnerability of vegetation of these marshes to mechanical oil removal methods, cleanup procedures should concentrate on enhancing the biodegradation of the oil.

	Topsoil Controls Particulate Phosphorus in Stream Flow

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Particulate P is an important determinant of P impacts in many agricultural streams. McDowell and Wilcock (2111–2121) report that analysis of suspended sediment and particulate P varied seasonally in a flat catchment dominated by dairying and tile drainage. However, ¹³⁷Cs data showed that topsoil, not subsoil, stream banks, or resuspended bed sediments, was the origin of particulate P regardless of season. The topsoil probably entered the stream through tile drainage and to a lesser extent, overland flow. Concentrations of P in stream flow and topsoil were above recommended environmental and agronomic limits and for good water quality in this catchment, topsoil P concentrations should be decreased.

	Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide Runoff

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Detection of herbicides in surface waters in watersheds in the U.S. Southeast has been linked to runoff from land in cotton production. Potter et al. (2122–2131) report that a commonly used reduced tillage practice, strip tillage, substantially reduced runoff, erosion, and loss of two herbicides from cotton fields at a site in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of Georgia. Direct comparisons were made between strip and conventionally tilled plots under both natural and simulated rainfall. The highest herbicide loss (percent of applied) was from natural rainfall on conventionally tilled plots 4 d after postemergence herbicide application and irrigation. There was no runoff from the strip-till plots, demonstrating the potential for strip tillage to reduce herbicide runoff risks. However, studies indicated that under strip-till management leaching risk was increased for one of the herbicides. Threats to ground water quality may need to be assessed.

	Contaminant–Particle Relationships in Water

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
It is essential to determine the physical characteristics of particulate carriers in aquatic systems to understand contaminant transport. Marvin et al. (2132–2140) studied the distribution of organic pollutants with particle-size class and particle morphology in a freshwater embayment (Hamilton Harbor, western Lake Ontario) using novel sample preparation and characterization techniques. Water samples were fractionated according to particle-size distribution using differential cascade sedimentation and centrifugation methods, and subsequently subjected to a physical characterization using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy to identify flocs and individual colloidal particles in the range of 1 nm to 1 mm in diameter. Analytical chemical analyses were performed to identify organic contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Contaminants were found to be primarily associated with humic fractals of <2 µm in diameter. Results show that contaminants in aquatic systems can be preferentially associated with specific types of particle carriers, the characteristics of which can be clearly defined in terms of size and morphology.

	Transgenic Crops Reduced Herbicide Leaching

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
With the advent of transgenic, herbicide-tolerant crops, traditional herbicides such as atrazine and alachlor can be replaced with more environmentally benign materials. In a study using the massive (8.1 m²), >60-yr-old undisturbed soil lysimeters at Coshocton, OH, Malone et al. (2141–2148) found that the active ingredients in Round-Up and Liberty herbicides, glyphosate and glufosinate, did not leach to 2.4 m at concentrations approaching environmental concern. Atrazine and alachlor were detected at concentrations similar to or exceeding the maximum contaminant level (MCL), an enforceable standard. The study was conducted under conditions favorable to leaching: a heavy rain shortly after herbicide application on soil where preferential flow was known to occur. The results improve our understanding of preferential flow and suggest that the use of herbicide-tolerant varieties can reduce the environmental impact of corn and soybean production.

	Distribution and Leaching of Methyl Iodide in Soil

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
The pest-control efficacy and ground water contamination risks of methyl iodide (MeI) are highly related to its gas-phase distribution and leaching after soil application. Guo et al. (2149–2156) discovered that MeI diffused rapidly after soil application, and reached a 70-cm depth within 2 h. Drip application resulted in remarkably lower concentration profiles of MeI in the soil air than shank injection. Leaching of MeI was significant through treated soils, with concentrations of >10 µg L^–1 in the leachate. Fumigation with MeI may pose a risk of ground water contamination in vulnerable areas. Shank injection at reduced rates is recommended for soil fumigation with MeI.

	Fumigants Transform in Combined Application

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Combined application of fumigants to increase the broad spectrum of pest control is an effective fumigation strategy in current production agriculture. However, certain abiotic and biotic interactions among fumigants restrict some combined application approaches. Zheng et al. (2157–2164) investigated the effect of combined application of chloropicrin and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) on their transformations and persistence in water and soil. Although no direct reaction occurred between MITC and chloropicrin when applied simultaneously, transformation of chloropicrin was accelerated in the presence of MITC. Conversely, degradation of MITC was suppressed for the bifumigant application due to inhibition of soil microbial activity and an abiotic competition with chloropicrin on the surface of soil particles. Two sequential application approaches were developed to investigate the feasibility of combined application of metam sodium (parent compound of MITC) and chloropicrin in soil and assess their potential effects on environmental fate.

	Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in a Perched Aquifer

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
The perched aquifer beneath the U.S. Department of Energy Pantex Plant is contaminated with the high explosive RDX. Using aquifer material obtained from the perched aquifer, Adam et al. (2165–2173) evaluated the efficacy of KMnO₄ to transform and mineralize RDX by determining degradation kinetics and C mass balances using ¹⁴C-RDX. Results showed that >85% of the labeled C was trapped as ¹⁴CO₂ following treatment with permanganate. Other experiments showed that initial RDX concentration (1.3–10.4 mg L^–1) or initial pH (4–11) had little affect on reaction rates. Permanganate-treated RDX was also more biodegradable than parent RDX in aquifer microcosms. Results show that permanganate can be an effective in situ chemical oxidation treatment for the Pantex perched aquifer.

	Hydraulic Gradient Affects Chemical Runoff

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Phosphorus and N are major nonpoint-source pollutants and often cause eutrophication of surface water bodies. Zheng et al. (2174–2182) evaluated near-surface hydraulic gradient effects on NO₃–N and PO₄–P losses in surface runoff in small soil pans under simulated rainfall. Results showed that near-surface hydraulic gradients have dramatic effects on NO₃–N and PO₄–P losses and runoff water quality. Under the application rate of 100 N and 40 P kg ha^–1, nitrate and P concentrations were nearly 30 and 5 times greater under saturation without profile drainage as compared with free drainage conditions. Artesian seepage flow further increased concentrations of NO₃–N and PO₄–P to almost 1000 and 7 times greater, respectively, than those from the free drainage condition. Therefore, management practices to reduce excessive soil moisture can effectively minimize chemical loading in surface runoff.

	Factors Identified and Incorporated into Phosphorus Index

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Soil test P levels have been used as the sole determining factor in risk assessment for P losses from agricultural fields to surface waters. However, studies have shown that other factors are more important in influencing P loss from land receiving manure applications. DeLaune et al. (2183–2191) found that soil test P had little effect on P runoff after P fertilizers were applied. The amount of soluble P in the fertilizer source was the most important factor contributing to P runoff. Results were incorporated in development of the source component in a P index for pastures fertilized with poultry litter to strengthen the ability of the concept to better evaluate agricultural land receiving P applications.

	Phosphorus Index for Pastures Provides Accurate Assessment

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Phosphorus indices have been developed in most states to assess the risk of P loss from agricultural land. However, most P indices have not been evaluated or validated using actual runoff data. DeLaune et al. (2192–2200) showed that average P concentrations in runoff water from small plots fertilized with poultry litter were more closely related to a P index for pastures developed in Arkansas than soil test P. Measured annual P losses from two watersheds with natural rainfall and annual litter applications were accurately estimated using the P index for pastures. These studies provide evidence that the Arkansas P index for pastures gives a better risk assessment of P runoff than soil test P, especially when poultry litter is applied.

	Poultry Litter Application and Phosphorus Loss

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Phosphorus in runoff from pastures where poultry litter has been spread may cause water quality problems in lakes and streams. Schroeder et al. (2201–2209) conducted a simulated rainfall experiment on small hayfield plots to determine the effect of poultry litter application on P loss in runoff under different rainfall scenarios. Litter was applied at three rates (2, 7, and 14 mg ha^–1) and three rainfall scenarios: (i) sufficient rainfall to produce runoff immediately after litter application, (ii) no rainfall for 30 d after litter application, and (iii) small rainfall events every 7 d (5 min at 76 mm h^–1) for 30 d. Runoff was analyzed for total and dissolved reactive P. Phosphorus loss was greatest from the high litter rate and immediate runoff treatments. Mathematical equations were developed that predict the loss of P from litter spread on pastures. Results suggest that surface application of poultry litter may lead to high levels of P in runoff for a significant length of time. Additionally, in the presence of surface-applied poultry litter, runoff P contributions from soil P (as measured by soil test P) may be insignificant.

	Phosphorus Losses Slashed with Alum and Diet Changes

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Fertilization with poultry litter has been implicated in degradation of surface water as a result of P losses. Smith et al. (2210–2216) discovered that use of dietary modification and litter amendments can be used together to reduce the pollution potential of fertilization with poultry litter. Soluble P was reduced in poultry litter by as much as 74% when all three practices were used in combination. Phosphorus runoff was greatest from plots receiving normal litter, and dietary modification reduced P runoff by about 45% compared with the normal litter. Use of only alum reduced P runoff by 60% and all three practices together resulted in a 69% reduction in P runoff. Poultry producers can use both dietary modification and litter amendments to reduce pollution potential that could result from fertilization with poultry litter.

	Uncertainty Assessment of the RICEWQ Model

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Model predictions are often seriously affected by uncertainties arising from many sources. Ignoring the uncertainty associated with model predictions may result in misleading interpretations when the model is used by decision-makers for risk assessment. Miao et al. (2217–2228) show the results of an analysis of uncertainty performed on the RICEWQ model (Version 1.6.1) using a Monte Carlo stochastic approach and a number of statistical methods, including analysis of variance and stepwise multiple regression. Results demonstrate that the paddy runoff concentration predicted by RICEWQ was in agreement with field measurements and the model can be applied to simulate pesticide fate at field scale. Model uncertainty was acceptable, runoff predictions conformed to a log normal distribution with a short right tail, and predictions were reliable at field scale due to the narrow spread of uncertainty distribution. The main contribution of input variables to model uncertainty resulted from spatial (sediment–water partition coefficient and mixing depth to allow direct partitioning to bed) and management (time and rate of application) parameters, and weather conditions.

	Wise Use of Poultry Litter Fertilizer

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
When improperly managed, land application of animal manures can harm the environment; however, limited measured water quality data are available to research and address this issue. Harmel et al. (2229–2242) report that a hybrid poultry litter and inorganic N fertilization program can supply necessary crop nutrients without detrimental impacts on runoff water quality, but only if recommended best management practices are followed. Results demonstrated that a properly managed annual litter application of 1 to 2 tons per acre, depending on litter nutrient content and crop nutrient needs, provides a sustainable alternative to disposal techniques and produces little or no negative water quality impact. Specific recommendations include applying proper nutrient rates, splitting applications of litter and supplemental N, incorporating litter when applied to cultivated fields, avoiding application before heavy rainfall forecasts, and not applying to areas adjacent to water bodies. If these recommendations are not followed, litter application can increase P levels in soils and runoff water. These conclusions are based on results from a Texas Blackland Prairie site with no previous organic fertilizer application, so impacts would possibly be quite different for fields with previous high-rate litter application.

	Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain Cryptosporidium parvum

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Hydrologic transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from cattle feces into surface drinking water supplies is a major concern on annual grasslands throughout California's Sierra Nevada foothills. Tate et al. (2243–2251) determined that the mean log₁₀ reduction of C. parvum flux in overland and shallow subsurface flow per meter of vegetated buffer ranged from 1.18 to 1.44. Soil boxes were used to evaluate the ability of grass vegetated buffer strips to retain C. parvum oocysts in fecal deposits during simulated rainfall intensities of 30 to 47.5 mm h^–1 over 2 h, with buffers comprised of Ahwahnee sandy loam set at 5 to 20% land slope and 95% grass cover. Results suggest that implementation of physical barrier buffers can reduce the risk of stream and reservoir contamination by C. parvum oocysts transported hydrologically from cattle fecal deposits in annual grassland watersheds.

	Buffers Are a Nitrogen Sink and Source

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Previous studies suggest that vegetative buffers can act as a source of soluble nutrients rather than a sink. Bedard-Haughn et al. (2252–2262) used ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer to quantify buffer sequestration of N in runoff from an irrigated pasture system. Although the buffers were effective overall, the majority of the buffer effect occurred in the first 4 wk after ¹⁵N application, with the buffered plots attenuating nearly twice as much ¹⁵N as the nonbuffered plots. For the remainder of the study, buffer effect was not as marked; there was a steady release of ¹⁵N from the buffers into the runoff. This suggests that for buffers to be sustainable for N sequestration, there is a need to manage buffer vegetation to maximize N demand and retention.

	Film and Pulse Flow of Phosphate

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Flow through artificial macropores may occur as a water film along macropore walls (film flow) or as moving water segments separated by air bubbles (pulse flow). Effects of film and pulse flows on the interaction of solutes with macropore walls were studied using orthophosphate transport and sorption in artificial macropores. Gjettermann et al. (2263–2271) observed that film flow leads to a significantly larger decrease in macropore P concentration relative to pulse flow. However, pulse and film flows lead to almost the same amounts of P sorbed per unit surface area. A distribution of many small macropores would be more effective to retain P by sorption than a distribution of fewer but wider macropores due to the relative larger surface area of small macropores. However, the transport of P through relative small macropores would be much faster by pulse flow than through larger pores by film flow, making the time scale important in quantifying the efficiency of retaining P from leaching in the two scenarios.

	Migration and Uptake of Radiochlorine and Technetium

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Radioactive chlorine (³⁶Cl) and technetium (⁹⁹Tc) are both important when assessing the performance of radioactive water repositories. Shaw et al. (2272–2280) conducted a 4-yr lysimeter study to determine the potential for upward soil migration and crop uptake of these radionuclides when they were introduced into an anoxic subsoil. Both ³⁶Cl and ⁹⁹Tc migrated to the soil surface within the first year of the study. For ³⁶Cl this was unsurprising, but ⁹⁹Tc was expected to be more strongly retained in the anoxic soil within the lysimeter bases. Soil–plant transfer was also high, with about 40% of the total inventory of ³⁶Cl within the lysimeters being taken up by winter wheat plants. Plant uptake of ⁹⁹Tc was about one order of magnitude less than ³⁶Cl uptake.

	Macropores Transmit Pesticides to Subsurface Drains

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Researchers understand little about the connectivity of macropores (large openings in soil such as cracks, earthworm burrows, root holes, etc.) with subsurface drainage systems. Immediate breakthrough of solutes and pesticides in subsurface drainage indicates extraordinarily efficient transport by preferential pathways, hypothesized to be the result of a few, drain-connected macropores. The direct connection between macropore flow and subsurface drainage is not considered by current pesticide transport models, which commonly underpredict pesticide concentrations in subsurface drains shortly after chemical application. Fox et al. (2281–2289) modified a commonly used pesticide transport model to account for directly connected macropores with subsurface drains. The modified model routes water from a percentage of the macropores near subsurface drains directly into the drains to simulate macropore and drain connectivity. The modified model more appropriately simulates the early concentration peaks for both conservative solutes and pesticides as verified by comparison with observed data from a pesticide transport field experiment.

	Pig Slurry Application and Nitrate Leaching

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Land application of animal manures, such as pig slurry, is a common practice in intensive-farming agriculture but animal manures should be managed to maximize fertilizer value and avoid negative environmental effects. Daudén et al. (2290–2295) studied the effect of different pig slurry fertilization strategies and two irrigation regimes on nitrate leaching under a semiarid, irrigated, Mediterranean environment. They found that an increase in irrigation efficiency did not induce a significant increase of leachate concentration but the amount of nitrate leached decreased significantly. The application of low to moderate pig slurry doses before sowing complemented with side-dressing N and a good irrigation management are the key factors to reduce nitrate contamination of water courses in Mediterranean irrigated environments.

	Chemically Treated Manure Addition Affects Phosphorus Extractability

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Little information is available on the fate of P in soils receiving dairy manure treated with Al, Fe, and Ca salts. Kalbasi and Karthikeyan (2296–2305), using incubation studies, found that short-term (1-d) and long-term (2-yr) impacts of application of chemically treated manure on soil P dynamics greatly depend on the treatment type, P application rate, and the initial background P level. Application of alum- or FeCl₃–treated manure decreased P solubility with the effect being more pronounced in soils with high background P. Soils amended with lime-treated manure had elevated levels of both water-extractable and plant-available P. While the addition of Al- and Fe- treated manure can minimize the risk of off-site migration of P, lime-treated manure application should be recommended only on soils low in plant-available P. Addition of treated manure had little or no effect on the distribution of P among different fractions in soils.

	Decreasing Poultry Litter Phosphorus

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Diet modification to decrease P concentrations in poultry feeds and hence litters generated can reduce surpluses of manure P in areas of intensive animal production. Maguire et al. (2306–2316) report that diet modification could decrease the total P concentration in litters by up to 38%. Soluble P in poultry litters was decreased 21 to 44% by feeding P closer to animal requirement, but was not affected by phytase addition. Incorporation of litters with soils at the same total P rate increased soluble P in soils relative to the control. This increase was correlated to soluble P added with litters after 5 d, but not by 29 d. Feeding P closer to poultry requirement and using feed additives such as phytase decreased total P concentrations in litters, while not increasing P solubility in litters and amended soils.

	Final Landfill Covers: Do They Perform?

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Alternative earthen final covers are being considered as cost-effective closure solutions for many waste disposal facilities in the United States. While research conducted to date suggests that alternative covers can provide an effective means to protect the environment in some locations, few field data sets exist that provide direct measurement of alternative or conventional cover performance. Albright et al. (2317–2332) conducted a study for the USEPA (the Alternative Cover Assessment program, or ACAP) and used large, instrumented drainage lysimeters at 11 field sites across the United States to assess the ability of landfill final covers to control percolation into underlying waste. Conventional covers with composite barriers (geomembrane over fine soil) performed well at all locations and typically restricted percolation rates to <1.5% of precipitation. Conventional covers with soil barriers in humid climates allowed much more percolation (6–17% of precipitation), probably due to preferential flow through defects in the soil barrier. Alternative covers restricted percolation to between 6 and 18% of precipitation in humid climates and generally <0.4% of precipitation in arid, semiarid, and subhumid climates. These results give the first comprehensive nationwide indication of the performance of conventional and alternative landfill covers.

	An Index to Simulate Composts

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Composting is considered a promising route in the disposal of biodegradable urban waste. However, optimal use of composts in agriculture requires a capacity to predict their potential environmental and agronomical impacts. Gabrielle et al. (2333–2342) show that a biochemical index characterizing the stability of compost organic matter may be inputted into a model simulating soil C and N dynamics. The model was able to predict the various mineralization patterns observed in the laboratory in soils amended with three types of composts and cattle farmyard manure. The biochemical index could thus provide guidance in the management of urban waste composts.

	Humic Acid Slows Fenton Degradation of Pesticides

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Disposal of aqueous pesticide wastes can result in contamination of water resources. Anodic Fenton treatment is a successful method of degrading many pesticides in water, but the effect of soil on such treatment is not well known. Wang and Lemley (2343–2352) report that the presence of humic acid in an aqueous slurry slows degradation of alachlor and other pesticides and shifts the kinetics to first order. Results indicate that humic acid competes for hydroxyl radicals and also buffers the solution, thus affecting the anodic Fenton kinetics. Adsorption isotherm measurements indicate that adsorption is not the primary mechanism for these effects, and the results imply that higher concentrations of Fenton reagents may be required for soil remediation by Fenton treatment.

	Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment Processes

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Lake sediment porewater composition and redox status are crucial factors that control material exchange at the sediment–water interface. Using a novel microcosm that permits continuous monitoring of sediment pH–Eh, repeated extraction of sediment porewater, and sampling of headspace gases, Song et al. (2353–2356) studied anaerobic phosphate flux and mineralization of lake sediment organic C over a period of 182 d. Average diffusive flux of soluble P was 0.81 mg P m^–2 d^–1 during the initial 18 d. Anaerobic decomposition of organic C showed zero-order kinetics, with a rate of 28.4 mg m^–2 d^–1. Data indicate that under anaerobic conditions, organic-rich lake sediment can be an important source of P and methane.

	Soil Microbes Respond to Reflooding

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Seasonal oscillations in water levels in wetlands can result in the release and movement of nutrients throughout the wetland. Corstanje and Reddy (2357–2366) experimentally simulated a drawdown and reflood of marsh to better understand the changes in biogeochemistry and microbial activities present in these soils as a result of hydrological fluctuations. The study illustrated that the reflood event in the hydrological cycles in a wetland can significantly stimulate the activities of hydrolytic enzymes and microbiological communities in these soils and results in significant displacement of nutrients from the wetland soil into the overlying water.

	Denitrifying Enzyme Found Consistent with Nitrogen Reduction

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Riparian zones are recognized worldwide as important landscape features that are able to buffer streams from pollutants, particularly N. One of the most important processes in a riparian zone is a microbial process called denitrification. The level of this microbial process can be assessed by analyzing for the enzyme activity of these microorganisms. Hunt et al. (2367–2374) found enzyme activity to be high in a riparian zone next to a swine wastewater spray field relative to that commonly found in riparian zones next to row crops. The high levels of denitrifying enzyme activity were consistent with the large reduction in N as ground water moved from waste application field to stream.

	Construction of Platinum-Tipped Redox Probes

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Platinum-tipped redox probes that are easy to make, durable in the field, and provide reliable results are desirable for measuring soil redox potential. Probes made using prior construction methods were often reliable; however, faulty probes were difficult to repair. Wafer et al. (2375–2379) discovered that a thick-walled, adhesive-lined terminal insulator effectively sealed the probes and was easily removable, which facilitated the repair of faulty probes. Two-hundred-forty redox probes were manufactured with the terminal insulator, of which 151 probes worked satisfactorily after initial construction and the remaining 89 probes worked after repairs were made. Ten of twelve probes worked satisfactorily after measuring soil redox potential for 10 mo; after 19 mo of use 236 of 240 probes worked satisfactorily. Redox probes constructed with terminal insulators are easy to repair, long-lasting in the field, and produce reliable results.

	Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed in Swine

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
The organic phosphate compound phytic acid is a major component of the P in grain-based animal diets, but cannot be digested by swine. It is therefore commonly assumed that phytic acid passes through swine and is excreted intact in feces. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Leytem et al. (2380–2383) found that phytic acid was present in only small concentrations in swine feces, despite constituting a major component of P in the feed. This suggests that phytic acid is broken down in the hind gut, which has important implications for understanding the effects of dietary manipulations on the fate of manure P in the environment.

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Jonathan W. C. Wong, Min Fang, Zhenyong Zhao, and Baoshan Xing
JEQ 2004 33: 2015-2025. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Biological Reduction of Chlorate in a Gas-Lift Reactor Using Hydrogen as an Energy Source

A. G. M. Kroon and C. G. van Ginkel
JEQ 2004 33: 2026-2029. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Variation in Root Density along Stream Banks

Theresa M. Wynn, Saied Mostaghimi, James A. Burger, Adrian A. Harpold, Marc B. Henderson, and Leigh-Anne Henry
JEQ 2004 33: 2030-2039. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

The Reduction of Internal Phosphorus Loading Using Alum in Spring Lake, Michigan

Alan Steinman, Rick Rediske, and K. Ramesh Reddy
JEQ 2004 33: 2040-2048. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Temporal Changes in Soil Partitioning and Bioaccessibility of Arsenic, Chromium, and Lead

Scott Fendorf, Matthew J. La Force, and Guangchao Li
JEQ 2004 33: 2049-2055. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Near- and Mid-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for Measuring Soil Metal Content

Grzegorz Siebielec, Gregory W. McCarty, Tomasz I. Stuczynski, and James B. Reeves, III
JEQ 2004 33: 2056-2069. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Mechanisms of Thorium Migration in a Semiarid Soil

A. J. Bednar, D. B. Gent, J. R. Gilmore, T. C. Sturgis, and S. L. Larson
JEQ 2004 33: 2070-2077. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Trace Element Concentrations in Soil, Corn Leaves, and Grain after Cessation of Biosolids Applications

Thomas C. Granato, Richard I. Pietz, George J. Knafl, Carl R. Carlson, Jr., Prakasam Tata, and Cecil Lue-Hing
JEQ 2004 33: 2078-2089. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

The Effect of pH on Metal Accumulation in Two Alyssum Species

Urszula Kukier, Carinne A. Peters, Rufus L. Chaney, J. Scott Angle, and Richard J. Roseberg
JEQ 2004 33: 2090-2102. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Effect of the Prestige Oil Spill on Salt Marsh Soils on the Coast of Galicia (Northwestern Spain)

M. L. Andrade, E. F. Covelo, F. A. Vega, and P. Marcet
JEQ 2004 33: 2103-2110. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Particulate Phosphorus Transport within Stream Flow of an Agricultural Catchment

R. W. McDowell and R. J. Wilcock
JEQ 2004 33: 2111-2121. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Fluometuron and Pendimethalin Runoff from Strip and Conventionally Tilled Cotton in the Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain

Thomas L. Potter, Clint C. Truman, David D. Bosch, and Craig Bednarz
JEQ 2004 33: 2122-2131. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Refined Tunable Methodology for Characterization of Contaminant–Particle Relationships in Surface Water

Christopher H. Marvin, Gary G. Leppard, M. Marcia West, Gary A. Stern, Adrienne R. Boden, and Brian E. McCarry
JEQ 2004 33: 2132-2140. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Residual and Contact Herbicide Transport through Field Lysimeters via Preferential Flow

R. W. Malone, M. J. Shipitalo, R. D. Wauchope, and H. Sumner
JEQ 2004 33: 2141-2148. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Distribution and Leaching of Methyl Iodide in Soil following Emulated Shank and Drip Application

Mingxin Guo, Wei Zheng, Sharon K. Papiernik, and Scott R. Yates
JEQ 2004 33: 2149-2156. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Effect of Combined Application of Methyl Isothiocyanate and Chloropicrin on Their Transformation

Wei Zheng, Scott R. Yates, Sharon K. Papiernik, and Mingxin Guo
JEQ 2004 33: 2157-2164. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Remediating RDX-Contaminated Ground Water with Permanganate: Laboratory Investigations for the Pantex Perched Aquifer

M. L. Adam, S. D. Comfort, M. C. Morley, and D. D. Snow
JEQ 2004 33: 2165-2173. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Effects of Near-Surface Hydraulic Gradients on Nitrate and Phosphorus Losses in Surface Runoff

Fen-Li Zheng, Chi-Hua Huang, and L. Darrell Norton
JEQ 2004 33: 2174-2182. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Development of a Phosphorus Index for Pastures Fertilized with Poultry Litter—Factors Affecting Phosphorus Runoff

Paul B. DeLaune, Philip A. Moore, Jr., Dennis K. Carman, Andrew N. Sharpley, Brian E. Haggard, and Tommy C. Daniel
JEQ 2004 33: 2183-2191. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Evaluation of the Phosphorus Source Component in the Phosphorus Index for Pastures

P. B. DeLaune, P. A. Moore, Jr., D. K. Carman, A. N. Sharpley, B. E. Haggard, and T. C. Daniel
JEQ 2004 33: 2192-2200. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Rainfall Timing and Poultry Litter Application Rate Effects on Phosphorus Loss in Surface Runoff

P. D. Schroeder, D. E. Radcliffe, and M. L. Cabrera
JEQ 2004 33: 2201-2209. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Decreasing Phosphorus Runoff Losses from Land-Applied Poultry Litter with Dietary Modifications and Alum Addition

Douglas R. Smith, P. A. Moore, Jr., D. M. Miles, B. E. Haggard, and T. C. Daniel
JEQ 2004 33: 2210-2216. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Uncertainty Assessment of the Model RICEWQ in Northern Italy

Zewei Miao, Marco Trevisan, Ettore Capri, Laura Padovani, and Attilio A. M. Del Re
JEQ 2004 33: 2217-2228. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Water Quality Impacts of Converting to a Poultry Litter Fertilization Strategy

R. D. Harmel, H. A. Torbert, B. E. Haggard, R. Haney, and M. Dozier
JEQ 2004 33: 2229-2242. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Efficacy of Vegetated Buffer Strips for Retaining Cryptosporidium parvum

Kenneth W. Tate, Maria Das Gracas C. Pereira, and Edward R. Atwill
JEQ 2004 33: 2243-2251. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Using Nitrogen-15 to Quantify Vegetative Buffer Effectiveness for Sequestering Nitrogen in Runoff

A. Bedard-Haughn, K. W. Tate, and C. van Kessel
JEQ 2004 33: 2252-2262. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Transport of Phosphate through Artificial Macropores during Film and Pulse Flow

Birgitte Gjettermann, Hans Christian B. Hansen, Henry E. Jensen, and Søren Hansen
JEQ 2004 33: 2263-2271. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Radionuclide Transport Above a Near-Surface Water Table: IV. Soil Migration and Crop Uptake of Chlorine-36 and Technetium-99, 1990 to 1993

G. Shaw, P. Wadey, and J. N. B. Bell
JEQ 2004 33: 2272-2280. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Interrelationship of Macropores and Subsurface Drainage for Conservative Tracer and Pesticide Transport

Garey A. Fox, Rob Malone, George J. Sabbagh, and Ken Rojas
JEQ 2004 33: 2281-2289. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Pig Slurry Application and Irrigation Effects on Nitrate Leaching in Mediterranean Soil Lysimeters

A. Daudén, D. Quílez, and M. V. Vera
JEQ 2004 33: 2290-2295. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils Receiving Chemically Treated Dairy Manure

M. Kalbasi and K. G. Karthikeyan
JEQ 2004 33: 2296-2305. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Influence of Phytase Addition to Poultry Diets on Phosphorus Forms and Solubility in Litters and Amended Soils

R. O. Maguire, J. T. Sims, W. W. Saylor, B. L. Turner, R. Angel, and T. J. Applegate
JEQ 2004 33: 2306-2316. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Field Water Balance of Landfill Final Covers

William H. Albright, Craig H. Benson, Glendon W. Gee, Arthur C. Roesler, Tarek Abichou, Preecha Apiwantragoon, Bradley F. Lyles, and Steven A. Rock
JEQ 2004 33: 2317-2332. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Simulating Urban Waste Compost Effects on Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics Using a Biochemical Index

Benoît Gabrielle, Jeanne Da-Silveira, Sabine Houot, and Cédric Francou
JEQ 2004 33: 2333-2342. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Kinetic Effect of Humic Acid on Alachlor Degradation by Anodic Fenton Treatment

Qiquan Wang and Ann T. Lemley
JEQ 2004 33: 2343-2352. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Microcosm Studies on Anaerobic Phosphate Flux and Mineralization of Lake Sediment Organic Carbon

Jing Song, Yongming Luo, Qiguo Zhao, and Peter Christie
JEQ 2004 33: 2353-2356. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Response of Biogeochemical Indicators to a Drawdown and Subsequent Reflood

R. Corstanje and K. R. Reddy
JEQ 2004 33: 2357-2366. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Denitrification in a Coastal Plain Riparian Zone Contiguous to a Heavily Loaded Swine Wastewater Spray Field

P. G. Hunt, T. A. Matheny, and K. C. Stone
JEQ 2004 33: 2367-2374. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Construction of Platinum-Tipped Redox Probes for Determining Soil Redox Potential

Carrie C. Wafer, J. Barrett Richards, and Deanna L. Osmond
JEQ 2004 33: 2375-2379. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Phosphorus Composition of Manure from Swine Fed Low-Phytate Grains: Evidence for Hydrolysis in the Animal

April B. Leytem, Benjamin L. Turner, and P. A. Thacker
JEQ 2004 33: 2380-2383. [Abstract] [Full Text]