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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Fertilizer Applications Influence Phosphorus Runoff

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

	Phosphorus Transfer at Various Scales

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
The rate, form, and pathway of P transfer in surface runoff can differ with scale. Understanding the causes of these differences is essential to carrying out effective research and developing effective management strategies that reduce P transfer from intensive pasture systems. Dougherty et al. (1973–1988) use a conceptual model of P transfer in surface runoff as the basis for reviewing literature relating to the effect of scale on this process. The review considers differences in source, mobilization, and transport processes at a range of scales from plot to landscape. The implications of these differences for research and the development of management options are discussed.

	Older Septic Systems Need Upgrade

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Onsite septic systems require appropriate soil characteristics to provide effective wastewater treatment. Using digital soil survey data, Day (1989–1996) evaluated siting practices of more than 1100 existing septic systems within the Cannonsville Reservoir watershed in New York. Geographic information system analysis found that while 80% of soils in the basin present serious problems to septic system function, 69% of installed systems were designed for soils that have few or no restrictive layers. These on-site systems have relied heavily on horizontal distance to streams (mean = 130 m) to provide adequate treatment. Potential failures would leak materials such as P or pathogens into the environment, with public health implications. Results imply that many septic systems in the watershed need design improvements.

	Economic Evaluation of Livestock Regulations

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Setbacks are a common zoning device used to minimize the off-site impacts of a livestock operation and conflicts between farms and nonfarm neighbors. Setbacks reduce impacts by establishing minimum separation distances between new livestock facilities and different features to protect water quality, minimize odor, and provide visual buffers. Bazen and Fleming (1997–2006) report that the challenge continues to be one of attempting to balance the need for additional regulations with the need to provide an environmentally sound, economically viable livestock industry. Economic theory applied to odor impacts has been used to demonstrate that site-specific regulation minimizes social cost relative to uniform regulation because firms are able to take advantage of spatial differences in marginal cost. Furthermore, at the legislated setback length, livestock-producing firms are not encouraged to research, develop, or implement odor-reducing, best management practices or technologies.

	Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in Wildlands

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Elevated atmospheric N inputs to wildlands affect many ecosystem components and processes and can ultimately affect water quality and visibility in highly valued locations such as national parks, forests, and wilderness areas. However, for most ecosystems exposed to air pollution, little is known of the amounts of N-containing air pollutants that are deposited. This is largely because of the difficulty in measuring dry deposition fluxes of the many nitrogenous air pollutants found in polluted atmospheres. A practical alternative for quantifying N deposition inputs is to collect throughfall solutions (precipitation collected under vegetation) and measure nitrate and ammonium concentrations in the samples. This provides a measure of the atmospheric N flux to the forest floor. Fenn and Poth (2007–2014) describe a simple, cost-effective throughfall or precipitation collector, based on ion exchange resin columns, that can be deployed in the field for up to 1 yr, greatly reducing logistical and analytical costs and making it practical to monitor N deposition inputs at a larger number of sites, including in remote areas.

	Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene Bioavailability

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Wong et al. (2015–2025) evaluated the effects of synthetic- and bio-surfactants on solubilization and degradation of phenanthrene (PHE) under thermophilic conditions. They discovered that the biosurfactant from an isolated strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa P-CG3, was effective in enhancing the solubility of PHE at 50°C, even better than the non-ionic surfactant Tween 80. However, addition of surfactants inhibited the biodegradation of PHE in mineral salts medium by an isolated indigenous Bacillus sp. B-UM. Biosurfactants have potential in improving the solubility of PAHs to improve bioremediation under thermophilic conditions.

	Biological Removal of Chlorate

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Chlorate release into the environment occurs with its manufacture and use. Kroon and van Ginkel (2026–2029) demonstrate that chlorate-containing wastewater can be treated in a hydrogen gas-lift reactor with immobilized microorganisms. The microorganisms used chlorate as an electron acceptor and hydrogen gas as reducing agent. After a start-up period of only a few weeks, chlorate reduction rates of 3.2 mmol L^–1 h^–1 were achieved during continuous operation of the gas-lift bioreactor. Complete removal of chlorate was maintained at hydraulic retention times of only 6 h.

	Riparian Forests Reinforce Stream Banks

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
The roots of riparian plants reinforce stream banks and reduce stream bank erosion. Wynn et al. (2030–2039) compared root density and distribution along stream banks with woody and herbaceous vegetation. While the herbaceous vegetation had a greater overall root density than the woody vegetation, the roots were concentrated in the upper 30 cm of the stream bank and were largely composed of very fine roots. In contrast, the riparian forests had a greater density of larger-diameter roots and a better distribution of roots across the bank face. Thus, riparian forests may provide greater reinforcement against stream bank erosion than herbaceous vegetation, particularly along the outside of meander bends, where the stream banks are steep and the hydraulic shear stress is high.

	Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus Loading

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Sediments can be an important source of P in shallow, eutrophic lakes. Steinman et al. (2040–2048) report that the diffusive flux of P from sediments can account for up to two-thirds of the total P load in Spring Lake, MI. However, alum application counteracted this flux. In the absence of alum, P release rates were dependent on the redox state in the cores; aerobic conditions resulted in substantially less P release than anaerobic conditions. In the presence of alum, P release was virtually undetectable, irrespective of redox state. Although alum is a potentially effective means of reducing the sediment source of P in Spring Lake, its long-term effectiveness in this system will depend strongly on reducing the P in watershed runoff.

	Changes in Metal Bioaccessibility

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Fendorf et al. (2049–2055) used a physiological based extraction test (PBET) to estimate the bioaccessible fraction of As-, Cr-, and Pb-amended soils from the A and B horizons of the Melton Valley series. With the exception of Pb amended to the A horizon, all other treatments exhibited a marked decrease in bioaccessibility with incubation time that was well described by an exponential decay. The bioaccessible fraction was less than 0.2 mg kg^–1 within 30 d incubation for As and Cr in the A horizon and for As and Pb within the B horizon; Cr in the B horizon declined to nearly 0.3 mg kg^–1 within 100 d of aging. Only the exchangeable fraction of As and Cr was highly correlated with the decline in bioaccessibility. Results demonstrated limited bioaccessibility in all but one case and the need to address both short-term temporal changes and, most importantly, the soil physiochemical properties.

	Infrared Spectroscopy for Measuring Soil Metal Content

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Assessments of the spatial extent of metal contamination of soil in industrialized regions are needed for assessing risk of contaminant metal transfer to the food chain. For this purpose, rapid and nondestructive methods such as diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy provide potentially useful alternatives to chemical methods of soil metal analysis. Siebielec et al. (2056–2069) assessed the utility of near- and mid-infrared spectral regions for soil metal determinations. Although both spectral regions produced valid calibration models for soil metal content, the mid-infrared region markedly outperformed the near-infrared region. They concluded that mid-infrared spectroscopy holds considerable promise for rapid estimates of soil metal content.

	Thorium Mobility in Soil

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Mobility mechanisms of radionuclides in soil is of interest as it affects potential soil stabilization and remediation techniques. Bednar et al. (2070–2077) report potential mechanisms of Th migration in a semiarid soil. Because of its low solubility, Th transport as a simply dissolved species is usually small compared with movement of colloidal material. Additionally, electrokinetic and filtration experiments show migration of Th in soil associated possibly with natural organic matter.

	USEPA Regulation Overpredicts Transfer of Biosolids Metals to Corn

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Land application of biosolids is a potentially sustainable management practice for municipal wastewater sludge. Understanding long-term effects of biosolids applications on crop metal concentrations and transport of metals through terrestrial food chains is critical to evaluating sustainability of the practice. Granato et al. (2078–2089) report that concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in corn leaf and Cd and Ni in corn grain decreased, while Cu and Zn in grain remained constant 13 yr following cessation of biosolids applications. Thirteen years following cessation of biosolids applications, corn grain from biosolids-amended fields had higher Cd and Zn concentrations than grain from unamended fields and leaves from amended fields had higher Cd, Ni, and Zn concentrations than leaves from unamended fields. Biosolids applications had no effect on Cu and Ni in grain and resulted in decreased concentrations of Cu in leaves. The risk models in the USEPA's Part 503 biosolids regulation were found to overpredict uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn into corn at this Illinois site.

	The Effect of pH on Metal Accumulation in Two Alyssum Species

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
Nickel-mining plants Alyssum murale and A. corsicum have a natural capability to hyperaccumulate Ni to such extent that their harvested shoots can be used as a bio-ore of Ni. When grown on soils contaminated with Ni from industrial emissions, Alyssum can be used for environmental cleanup, which brings profit because Ni phytoextracted by plants can be recovered by smelting. It is well established that increasing soil pH decreases solubility of Ni in soils and Ni uptake by agricultural crops, but little is known about the effect of soil pH on metal uptake by metal-hyperaccumulator plants. In a pot study with Ni-contaminated Port Colborne (Ontario) soils, Kukier et al. (2090–2102) observed that increasing soil pH increased Ni uptake by Alyssum. This was an unusual response, opposite to agricultural crops, which grown in these soils had decreased Ni uptake as soil pH was increased. Liming of Port Colborne soils, which reduces Ni phytotoxicity to agricultural crops, makes Ni-phytoextraction by Alyssum more profitable.

	Soil Pollution by the Prestige Oil Spill

TOP Fertilizer Applications... Phosphorus Transfer at Various... Older Septic Systems Need... Economic Evaluation of Livestock... Measuring Nitrogen Deposition in... Surfactants Affect Phenanthrene... Biological Removal of Chlorate Riparian Forests Reinforce... Alum Reduces Internal Phosphorus... Changes in Metal... Infrared Spectroscopy for... Thorium Mobility in Soil USEPA Regulation Overpredicts... The Effect of pH... Soil Pollution by the... Topsoil Controls Particulate... Strip Tillage Reduces Herbicide... Contaminant-Particle... Transgenic Crops Reduced... Distribution and Leaching of... Fumigants Transform in Combined... Permanganate Mineralizes RDX in... Hydraulic Gradient Affects... Factors Identified and... Phosphorus Index for Pastures... Poultry Litter Application and... Phosphorus Losses Slashed with... Uncertainty Assessment of the... Wise Use of Poultry... Vegetated Buffer Strips Retain... Buffers Are a Nitrogen... Film and Pulse Flow... Migration and Uptake of... Macropores Transmit Pesticides... Pig Slurry Application and... Chemically Treated Manure... Decreasing Poultry Litter... Final Landfill Covers: Do... An Index to Simulate... Humic Acid Slows Fenton... Microcosm Monitors Lake Sediment... Soil Microbes Respond to... Denitrifying Enzyme Found... Construction of Platinum-Tipped... Phytic Acid is Hydrolyzed...

 
On 13 Nov. 2002, the oil tanker Prestige sprang a leak off Cape Finisterre (Galicia, northwestern Spain). The spill affected a large part of the Galician coast. Andrade et al. (2103–2110)<