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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Biological Consequences of Wood Ash

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

	Nutrient Balance Assessment for Arkansas

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
A fundamental component of developing nutrient management strategies is to determine the balance between soil nutrient inputs and removals. Slaton et al. (1606–1615) report the net balance (agricultural inputs – agricultural removals) and distribution of N, P, and K for agricultural soils in nine geographic regions within Arkansas. The three districts in the eastern one-third of Arkansas contained 95% of the row-crop hectarage and had net N and P balances that were near zero or negative. The six districts in the western two-thirds of Arkansas accounted for 89 to 100% of the animal populations, had positive net balances for N and P, and excess P ranged from 1 to 9 kg P ha^–1 when distributed across row-crop, hay, and pasture hectarage. Transport of excess nutrients, primarily in poultry litter, from the districts in western Arkansas is needed to achieve a balance between soil inputs and removals of P and N.

	Weedkillers Wander Widely

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Some herbicides used in prairie agriculture volatilize after application and, once in the atmosphere, can be transported widely in the environment. Waite et al. (1616–1628) report on concentrations of five herbicides measured from the atmosphere and bulk atmospheric deposits, and from the surface film and water of two prairie dugouts. Trifluralin was most frequently found in atmospheric samples while MCPA was found in the greatest concentrations in bulk deposits, surface film, and dugout water.

	Advanced Consideration of Pesticide Emission

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Simulation of pesticide volatilization from bare soil as part of a complete pesticide fate model is of utmost importance, especially with regard to models used in the registration procedures for pesticides. Wolters et al. (1629–1637) modified the Pesticide Leaching Model (PELMO), which is used in the European registration process, to allow for more reliable estimation of volatilization after application. Improvements of PELMO, such as implementation of soil-moisture-dependent soil–water partitioning coefficients and reduction of compartment size of the top soil layer, resulted in much better agreement between computations and experimental findings, particularly immediately after application. Prediction of enhanced volatilization fluxes for increasing water content was a main refinement of the model. However, description of water content in the top soil layer is still subject to uncertainty, illustrating the need to develop advanced techniques for elucidating phase partitioning at the top surface.

	Plants Accumulate Perchlorate

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
The fate of perchlorate in macrophytes and natural systems at field scale is not clear. Tan et al. (1638–1646) report that a variety of aquatic and terrestrial plants at a perchlorate-contaminated site accumulated perchlorate. Perchlorate accumulation was affected by environmental conditions, such as distance to streams or shallow water tables, exposure duration, and species. Generally, trees located closer to the stream had higher ClO^–₄ accumulation. The ClO^–₄ accumulation also was affected by exposure duration, with highest accumulation observed in the late growing cycle. Perchlorate may be re-released into the environment via leaching and rainfall as indicated by lower perchlorate concentrations in collected leaf litter.

	Quantifying Fumigation Effects on Soil Nitrogen Dynamics

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
A better understanding of the effect of soil fumigation on N mineralization and nitrification may help to optimize N fertilizer advice and predict NO^–₃ concentrations in crops and NO^–₃ leaching risks. De Neve et al. (1647–1652) relate differences in short- and long-term N mineralization and nitrification following soil fumigation with Cyanamid DD 95 to basic soil properties. The average short-term N mineralization was larger in fumigated than in nonfumigated soils, but the difference between fumigated and nonfumigated soils could not be related to soil properties. Long-term N mineralization rates were not significantly different between fumigated and nonfumigated soils. The nitrification rate constant and the time at which maximum nitrification was reached were strongly correlated with soil pH. However, because of lack of correlation between the effect of fumigation on N mineralization and soil properties, further research will be needed to take into account fumigation effects in fertilizer advising and prediction of NO^–₃ leaching risks.

	Biochemical Fingerprints between Soil and Its Dust?

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Little is known about the potential of enzyme activities, which are sensitive to soil properties and management, for characterization of dust properties and identification of the soil source of dust. Acosta-Martínez and Zobeck (1653–1661) generated dust (27 and 7 µm) under controlled laboratory conditions from agricultural soils with different management history and detected enzyme activities in the dust that are involved in cellulose degradation, and in P and S mineralization in soil. Three enzyme activities studied, as a group, separated dust samples due to crop rotation or tillage practice history of the soil source. Results indicate that enzyme activities of dust will aid to provide better characterization of dust properties, and to expand our understanding of soil and air quality effects related to wind erosion.

	Nutrient "Hot Spots" in Broiler Runs

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Conventional free range and organic broiler production are a promising strategy to produce broiler meat in terms of animal welfare issues. At the same time, offering a free run to broilers bears the risk of nutrient accumulation in areas preferred by birds. In a field study on four conventional free range and organic broiler runs, Kratz et al. (1662–1674) found fecal N input by broilers to result in accumulation of soil mineral N contents down to a sampling depth of 90 cm. Fecal P input by broilers also resulted in accumulation of plant-available and thus mobile soil P in the most intensely used zones. In highly frequented hot spots, soil N and P contents strongly exceeded plant requirement. Overloading soils with N and P may lead to ammonia volatilization into the atmosphere as well as N and P leakage into surface or ground water, with subsequent acidification and eutrophication of soil and water; however, for an environmental evaluation, the scope of the risk connected with spatially limited point accumulation must be considered.

	Analyzing Livestock Overstock in Inner Mongolia

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Grassland degradation is believed to be an important causal factor for serious dust emission in northern China. Livestock overstocking may accelerate grassland degradation. Yu et al. (1675–1681) parameterized a model to calculate livestock carrying capacity based on relationships among rainfall, plant biomass, and maximum allowable grazing intensity, and compared spatial–temporal patterns of the calculated carrying capacity with those of actual stocking rates. They found that the region was overstocked in most rural counties during 1982 to 1991, except for those in the cold north. Livestock densities were more than double the corresponding carrying capacity in warm and humid areas. The analysis can serve as a guide for planning livestock densities and pastoral management in regions with similar climatic and geographical conditions.

	Treating Herbicides with Green Sands

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Waste green sands from gray-iron foundries were evaluated as a reactive medium for use in reactive barriers for treating ground water contaminated with the herbicides alachlor and metolachlor. Waste green sands have potential as a reactive medium because they contain organic C and clay for sorbing contaminants and residual Fe particles for degrading contaminants. Batch and column tests were conducted by Lee and Benson (1682–1693) to evaluate sorptive potential and reactivity. Results show waste green sands have considerable sorptive potential and can degrade alachlor and metolachlor at the same rate (on a surface area basis) as conventional Fe particles used in reactive barriers. Waste green sands generally can be obtained for little or no cost. Thus, using waste green sands in reactive barriers may prove to be economical while also fostering sustainable remedial construction.

	Geostatistics Reduces Remediation Cost Uncertainty

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Sampling is an important step in the management of polluted sites. In practice, however, it is seldom designed to comply with a given level of remediation cost uncertainty. Demougeot-Renard et al. (1694–1702) present a new technique allowing estimation of the number of samples that should be taken at a given investigation stage to reach a forecasted level of accuracy. This technique is based on nonlinear geostatistics (conditional simulations) and on a function allowing estimation of the total cost of remediation (including investigations). The benefit of the technique is demonstrated on a former smelting work site polluted with Pb.

	Inhibition of Chromate Adsorption by Silica

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
The adsorption of chromate on mineral surfaces has been the focus of a great deal of research due to its toxicity in the environment. Numerous spectroscopic studies have determined chromate forms an inner-sphere complex on mineral surfaces. Based on this information one would expect chromate to be relatively immobile in natural systems. However, in the environment, chromate has been observed to be fairly mobile. One explanation for this enhanced mobility has been the presence of naturally occurring ligands (carbonate, biocarbonate, sulfate, and dissolved organic matter) that compete with chromate for mineral surfaces. Dissolved silica (as silicic acid) is ubiquitous in soils and natural waters yet little research has examined its influence on the adsorption of chromate. Garman et al. (1703–1708) examined the influence of silicic acid sorbed to goethite on the adsorption kinetics of chromate. In most experiments, sorbed silicic acid significantly reduced chromate adsorption to goethite and may be responsible for the enhanced mobility of chromate in natural systems.

	Watershed Phosphorus Loss Influenced by Precipitation and Management

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Land management practices have a major effect on P loss in runoff from agricultural watersheds. Udawatta et al. (1709–1719) used three adjacent agricultural watersheds with claypan soils in northeastern Missouri to examine influences of precipitation and management on runoff characteristics and P loss over a 7-yr period. Annual P loss ranged from 0.29 to 3.59 kg P ha^–1 with a mean of 1.36 kg P ha^–1 across the three watersheds. Years with above-normal precipitation caused high P losses from the watersheds. Significant losses were also observed before and after the cropping season. The five largest runoff events and five largest sediment losses accounted for 27 and 24% of the total P loss measured during the study, respectively. Management practices that reduce runoff and sediment loss in these watersheds could lower P loss.

	Modeling Herbicide Runoff in Northern Italy

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
In Europe, predictive models of pesticide runoff have not been fully validated because of lack of field data sets. Miao et al. (1720–1732) validate the capability of PRZM 3.12 to predict water runoff, sediment erosion, and associated transport of atrazine, terbuthylazine, and metolachlor under common tillage management practices found in northern Italy. The model failed to correctly simulate event-based herbicide concentration, water runoff, and soil erosion. The model calculations did not adequately reflect the relationships between soil erosion intensity and chemical concentration in sediment losses, leading to discrepancies between predictions and field observations. The main reason was that the description of runoff and erosion processes in the model is rather empirical and not physically based.

	Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral-Bound Humic Substances

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
The transport, environmental effects, and ultimate fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants are greatly affected by partitioning to humic substances. The role of humic substances in these various processes may be further complicated by the presence of mineral surfaces. Hur and Schlautman (1733–1742) report that pyrene partitioning to several aquatic and terrestrial humic substances adsorbed on kaolinite and hematite is significantly different than it is with the same humic substances dissolved in water. Because the experimental procedure used minimized any adsorptive fractionation effects, the differences in pyrene partitioning to adsorbed versus dissolved humic substances presumably result from conformation changes that occur on their adsorption to mineral surfaces. In general, the mineral-bound terrestrial and aquatic humic substances exhibited higher and lower pyrene partitioning capabilities, respectively, versus their dissolved forms.

	Fate of Triasulfuron in Compost-Amended Soils

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
The amendment of an agricultural soil with source-separated municipal waste compost may significantly influence the mobility and persistence of pesticides and thus affect their environmental fate. Said-Pullicino et al. (1743–1751) examined factors like adsorption, kinetics, and rate of degradation of triasulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide used in the postemergence treatment of cereals, in amended soils. Compost application was found to increase the adsorption of triasulfuron and slightly reduce the rate of degradation with respect to nonamended soils. Results also highlight the implication of dissolved organic matter on the fate of triasulfuron in the soil system.

	Pesticide Distribution in California Trout

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Organochlorine compounds are known to be atmospherically transported long distances from their sources. To understand the influence of California's mountains on the air transport and distribution pattern of some of these residues, Ohyama et al. (1752–1764) analyzed the muscle tissue of rainbow trout from 10 locations in California's Sierra Nevada. A significant negative correlation to altitude was found among PCB residues in rainbow trout samples. There was a similar but less pronounced influence of altitude on the distribution pattern of DDT and chlordane. In contrast, the pattern of toxaphene residues showed no relationship with altitude. Results indicate that high-altitude mountains affect the distribution pattern of some persistent organochlorine pollutants, and rainbow trout from similar oligotrophic lakes can serve as a good monitoring tool.

	Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to Suspended Colloids?

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
More than 3 million kg of chlorpyrifos are applied to agricultural fields in the USA annually for control of insect pests, and there is risk that some of that chlorpyrifos will be transported with eroded soil to lakes and rivers. Wu and Laird (1765–1770) found quite a bit of variability in the extent to which chlorpyrifos is adsorbed on and desorbed from various types of suspended clays, organic matter, and river suspended sediment samples. Organic matter held the chlorpyrifos very tightly and so did some clays. But other clays held the chlorpyrifos only weakly and released it back to the water. The suspended sediment behaved more like one of the clays than the organic matter even though the suspended sediment had a lot of organic matter. The study indicates that the nature of both organic and inorganic materials in suspended sediment can influence the adsorption–desorption behavior of chlorpyrifos in aqueous systems.

	N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in Soils Unlikely

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
N,N'-dibutylurea (DBU), which is a breakdown product of the active ingredient benomyl in Benlate fungicides and can be formed during production and improper storage of the formulations, has been proposed to cause crop damage after the use of Benlate 50 DF fungicide. Lee et al. (1771–1778) discovered that DBU degradation in soils treated with DBU or DBU fortified Benlate fungicides (DF or SP), and incubated at various combinations of soil water potential (–0.03 or –0.1 MPa) and temperature (23, 33, 44°C), was primarily microbial with DBU half-lives being <2 wk for most treatment combinations. The DBU degradation was retarded under low moisture conditions (–0.1 MPa) and enhanced at 33°C. Degradation of DBU was slower in one soil when applied with Benlate. The longest half-life observed in any treatment was <7 wk. DBU may persist longer if soil conditions are adverse to normal microbial activity, which would likewise, be adverse to plant growth.

	Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation, and Distribution in Willow

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Mercury (Hg) pollution is a global environmental problem and new techniques for remediation of Hg-contaminated sites are urgently needed. Wang and Greger (1779–1785) report that willow had a large variation in its sensitivity to Hg among six clones. Willow roots efficiently accumulated Hg in hydroponics and the majority of total Hg accumulated was localized to the roots, whereas only 0.45 to 0.62% of the total Hg accumulated via roots was translocated to the shoots. Therefore, this plant may be useful for phytostabilization. The plant takes up a large amount of water and has a large root system that traps mobile Hg in the soil, thereby preventing leaking of Hg from contaminated soils.

	Leaching of Nitrogen from Green Manures

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Green manures can be used as a source of N for agricultural crops, replacing the need for inorganic N fertilizers. However, how this change affects the N-use efficiency by crops and leaching of N is relatively unknown. Bergström and Kirchmann (1786–1792) show in a study with lysimeters containing a sandy soil that the first-year N efficiency of red clover manure was considerably lower than that of NH₄NO₃. This was probably due to poor synchronicity of N release from the green manure and demand for N by the crop, in this case barley. Viewed in combination with the tendency for larger N leaching loads under red clover manure, claims about water quality benefits of legume-based green manures should be carefully examined.

	Microbially Generated Dissolved Organic Matter Increases Phosphate Dissolution

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Phosphorus dissolution often increases during reduction of soils under anaerobic conditions, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. Hutchison and Hesterberg (1793–1802) report that dissolved reactive P increased by sevenfold and was linearly related (R² = 0.79) to increasing dissolved organic C when the silt + clay fraction of a Cape Fear soil was reduced for 40 d. The rate of reductive P dissolution was increased by adding 2 g dextrose kg^–1 solids at the beginning of the experiment. Data suggest that the addition of easily metabolizable C sources (e.g., animal waste) to Coastal Plain soils may enhance dissolution of phosphate under wet (reduced) soil conditions through reduction of Fe-associated P or interactions with dissolved organic matter (DOM). Formation of ternary aqueous complexes of DOM–Fe(III)–PO₄ or DOM–Al(III)–PO₄ in these soils could also potentially increase phosphate leaching.

	Reducing Nitrate Leaching to Subsurface Drains

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Subsurface drainage is a beneficial water management practice in poorly drained soils but may contribute substantial nitrate N loads to surface waters. Kladivko et al. (1803–1813) measured nitrate leaching into subsurface tile drains as affected by drain spacing and changes in crop productions system over a 15-yr period. Nitrate concentrations (mg L^–1) and total losses (kg ha^–1) in tile drains decreased significantly as a result of reducing fertilizer N rates and growing a winter cover crop after corn, to "trap" some of the soil N in late fall through early spring, when much of the water drainage occurs. Nitrate losses were less when drains were spaced more widely apart. Results show that at least on low organic matter, silt loam soils similar to the studied soil, concentrations of nitrate N in tile drainage can be reduced to below the drinking water standard of 10 mg L^–1, by a combination of lower fertilizer N rates and a winter cover crop after corn in a corn–soybean rotation.

	Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus in Runoff from Calcareous Soils

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Phosphorus pollution in drainage from farmland contributes to the growth of toxin-producing organisms in water bodies. Mitigation requires information on relationships between P concentrations in soil and runoff, but there are little data for tilled calcareous soils. Using simulated sprinkler irrigation, Turner et al. (1814–1821) developed relationships between P in surface runoff and various measurements of extractable soil P for calcareous soils of the semiarid Pacific Northwest. A common agronomic test that uses bicarbonate extraction to predict fertilizer requirement gave relationships that were statistically similar for several contrasting calcareous soils. This suggests a single test can provide information suitable for both agronomic and environmental assessment.

	Nitrate Leaching from Lawns

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Various N fertilizer sources are available for lawn turf. Few field studies, however, have determined the losses of nitrate from lawns receiving different formulations of N fertilizers. Guillard and Kopp (1822–1827) report that nitrate leaching from cool-season lawn turf is more likely to occur during late fall through early spring in southern New England than during late spring through summer. Their lysimeter study showed greater nitrate leaching losses with soluble fertilizer formulations than with slow-release or organic fertilizers. Results suggest that soil nitrate N concentrations in northern coastal climates should be minimized before the major leaching periods to reduce the potential for leaching losses. To further reduce the threats of nitrate leaching, lawn turf fertilizers should be formulated with a larger percentage of slow-release N than with soluble N.

	Leachfield Water Quality Is Improved by Aeration

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Septic system leachfields are unreliable at removal of nutrients and pathogens from wastewater, and may contaminate ground and surface waters. Potts et al. (1828–1838) found that aeration of the headspace of septic system leachfield mesocosms improves the quality of drainage water. Removal of total N, five-day biological oxygen demand, and fecal coliforms was higher in aerated mesocosms than in mesocosms with headspace consisting of gases typically found in leachfields. Aeration may be an effective way to enhance the water quality functions of septic system leachfields.

	Swine Manure Reduces Field Runoff

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In watersheds across the country, runoff from fields fertilized with manure contributes P and sediment to sensitive waters. Manure application rate can be controlled to manage the risk of water quality degradation. By land-applying liquid swine manure at different rates, Gessel et al. (1839–1844) found that runoff and sediment loss were reduced with higher manure application rates while P losses remained unchanged compared with plots with no manure. However, in runoff from snowmelt, losses of dissolved P were greater with increasing manure application rates. Evaluation of water quality risks from fall-applied manure should contrast the possible P losses in snowmelt runoff with the potential that incorporated manure may reduce runoff and soil loss during the summer.

	Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus in Manure and Runoff

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Phosphorus in runoff from fields where poultry manure is applied is an environmental concern. Vadas et al. (1845–1854) found that adding phytase and reducing supplemental P in poultry diets reduced total P but increased water-extractable P in manure. Composting reduced manure total P and water-extractable P. For manures, phytase and decreased P in diets did not affect total P or molybdate-reactive P in runoff from soil boxes subjected to simulated rainfall. Composting reduced total P and molybdate-reactive P in runoff. Molybdate-reactive P in runoff was well correlated to water-extractable P applied to soils in manures and composts. The environmental effect of dietary phytase will depend on the management of poultry diets, manure, and farm-scale P balances.

	Nutrient Uptake by Wheat and Distribution in Soil following Applications of Composts

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Bar-Tal et al. (1855–1865) determined the loading limits of composts that should be applied annually to irrigated wheat. Total dry matter, grain production, the amount of N, P, and K taken up by wheat, and inorganic N quantity in soil increased with increasing compost rate. Nitrogen uptake by plants amended with the highest compost rate was much lower than uptake by the fertilized control plants, but P and K uptake were much higher. Net N mineralization during the first year of wheat growth was very low, <3.5% of the applied organic N under all compost application rates, but the contribution of organic N mineralization increased during the second and third years. Most of the N increase in soil in compost treatments was found in the upper layer of 0 to 15 cm, whereas in the fertilized treatment, N accumulated from the surface to the bottom of the container, 0 to 55 cm. Successive application of high rates of composts resulted in P and K accumulation in the soil profile down to the bottom of containers.

	Oxygen Uptake Describes Biological Stability

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Analytical methods applicable to different organic wastes are needed to establish the extent to which readily biodegradable organic matter has decomposed (i.e., biological stability). Adani et al. (1866–1876) show that oxygen uptake rate obtained under dynamic (continuous airflow) and adiabatic conditions described biological stability better than other methods. Oxygen uptake rate profiles are more pronounced for unstable biomass, becoming flat for stable mass, according to the mathematical model describing kinetics for aerobic solid-state processes. Oxygen uptake rate, expressed as dynamic respiration index and calculated as a mean of 24 h of the highest microbial activity, could be proposed to indicate medium (e.g., fresh compost) and high (e.g., mature compost) biological stabilities.

	Bauxite Residue Can Be Neutralized with Seawater

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Worldwide, the alumina industry produces about 30 Tg of alkaline waste every year, and safe disposal of this waste is one of the major environmental challenges facing the industry. The waste material, bauxite residue, is most commonly stored in land disposal areas that, when full, are stabilized with a vegetated soil cover. Menzies et al. (1877–1884) demonstrate that by leaching the coarse fraction of bauxite residue with seawater, a material well suited to use as a plant growth medium can be produced. Seawater treatment lowers the alkalinity and salinity of the material, and adds plant nutrients such as Ca and Mg. Through seawater neutralization, a portion of the waste material itself can be used to construct the vegetated soil cover, considerably reducing the cost of revegetation.

	Quality Explains Sludge Mineralization Variety

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Prediction of wastewater sludge mineralization in soils requires the characterization of their organic matter. Parnaudeau et al. (1885–1894) obtained very different sludge C and N compositions and mineralization kinetics. Fractionation procedures methods (water extraction, Van Soest method, and acid hydrolysis) and soil incubations, coupled with an original method of data analysis, enabled drawing conclusions on the role of certain criteria. The most discriminating method was acid hydrolysis. The important criteria that may help predict C and N mineralization are size of the lignin-like fraction and sludge C to N ratio. "Soluble" fractions are probably very heterogeneous.

	Phosphorus Stabilization in Sewage Sludge

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Phosphorus release from sludge-amended soils may threaten downstream waters. To maximize land capacity as a long-term disposal outlet for sewage sludge and yet minimize potential environmental problems, Huang and Shenker (1895–1903) tested the effects of several P-stabilization methods on P solubility and solid-state speciation. A wide range of ferrous sulfate or CaO, but only a narrow range of alum, was shown to efficiently control P solubility. Sludge composting also reduced P solubility, but to a lesser extent. Various precipitation, crystallization, and adsorption mechanisms were shown to regulate P solubility. Proper administration of the tested chemicals is concluded to be effective in reducing the hazard of P release and leaching from sludge.

	Amended Poultry Litter Reduces Soil Phosphorus Release

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Increased poultry production has contributed to excess nutrient problems in Atlantic Coastal Plain soils due to land application of poultry litter (PL). Aluminum sulfate [alum; (Al₂(SO₄)₃·14 H₂O] treatment of PL effectively reduces soluble P in the PL; however, the effects of these litters when added to acidic, sandy soils are not well understood. Staats et al. (1904–1911) show that the use of alum as a PL amendment is useful in coarse-textured soils of the Coastal Plain. In batch desorption studies, P release from three Coastal Plain, sandy soils was not statistically significant from the soils treated with alum-amended PL. However, the soil treated with an unamended PL was statistically greater. Therefore, using alum-amended PL as a fertilizer may help in reducing P runoff to sensitive surface water susceptible to eutrophication.

	Fecal Contamination of Pastoral Wetlands

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Wetlands draining steep grazed hillsides in New Zealand exhibit high levels of fecal contamination at both high and low flow. Their level of contamination and proximity to the stream network indicate that the wetlands are a dominant source of fecal microbes to pastoral streams. Collins (1912–1918) reports that subsurface flows draining the hillside maintain baseflow in the wetlands and provide a supply of microbes to them. Field observations showed that considerable fecal material was deposited directly onto shallow wetlands by grazing cattle, in both summer and winter. Fencing shallow wetlands to exclude stock will, therefore, probably improve their bacterial water quality. In contrast, cattle were not attracted to large, deep wetlands, presumably for fear of entrapment, and fencing them is not likely to be a worthwhile mitigation measure.

	Limitations of 17ß-Estradiol Immunoassay

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
There is a critical need to accurately measure estrogens such as 17ß-estradiol in dairy wastes to assess the potential risk of estrogen contamination of agricultural drainage waters. A number of commercially available enzyme immunoassay kits have been used for measuring 17ß-estradiol in environmental samples, but it is not known if different immunoassays provide similar results. Hanselman et al. (1919–1923) report that different immunoassays yield different 17ß-estradiol results for the same dairy wastewater samples due to matrix interference. Researchers should be cautious when interpreting the environmental significance of 17ß-estradiol measured in livestock wastes by immunoassay. Sensitive analytical methods involving mass spectrometry need to be developed for the conclusive measurement of estrogens in dairy wastes.

	Sludge Character Retained on Incubation

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Decomposition of sewage sludge organic matter results in the release of nutrients (e.g., N and P) and possibly contaminants such as heavy metals and toxic organic chemicals. Timing of this release is complicated by the heterogeneous nature of sludge organic matter. Smernik et al. (1924–1929) report that two distinct types or "domains" of organic matter, previously identified in sewage sludge using ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, were retained during 21-mo incubations and their rates of decomposition were very similar. Thus, the overall chemistry of sludge organic matter was found to change very little during incubation, despite substantial decreases in C content.

	Detoxification by a Bifunctional Organoclay

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Organoclays have a strong capacity to sorb nonionic compounds from aqueous solutions but a major drawback in their use is that by sorbing a toxic material onto an organoclay (OC) we merely change the environmental compartment in which the toxic material exists and a second step is still required to destroy or detoxify it. Groisman et al. (1930–1936) prepared a new type of OC, a bifunctional OC, that is able not only to sorb organophosphate pesticides, but also catalyze their hydrolysis, and thereby detoxify them. The detoxifying capacity of this OC was demonstrated for two organophosphate pesticides, methyl parathion and tetrachlorvinphos. Although sorption of these pesticides on the bifunctional OC is very similar to that on the corresponding nonbifunctional OC, hydrolysis of these pesticides is substantially enhanced only by the bifunctional OC. While bifunctional OCs are not likely to be economically competitive for environmental applications in the foreseeable future because of their relatively high cost and specificity they may be immediately suitable for treating point sources of pollution, such as production line effluents in pesticide manufacturing facilities.

	Bulk Density of Eroding Stream Bank Deposits

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Despite many decades of education and refining land-use practices, accelerated stream bank erosion is still prevalent in the USA. Eroding stream banks produce a sediment load to riverine systems and can cause reduced water quality as a result of increased suspended sediment. Brye et al. (1937–1942) describe application of the excavation/polyurethane-foam technique for estimating bulk density in vertically exposed stoney stream bank deposits. The excavation/polyurethane-foam technique provided reasonably accurate estimates of the total and soil (<2-mm fraction) bulk density of eroding stream bank deposits with >70% rocks. Obtaining bulk density estimates using this method would facilitate calculation of sediment load rates to riverine systems with field data.

	Adsorption on Glass Fiber Filters

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Glass fiber filter material, which is often used as a prefilter for high solids content samples, removes substantial quantities of trace metals from solutions of low ionic strength at near neutral and slightly acidic pH. Fuhrmann and Fitts (1943–1944) have found this filter medium removed essentially all Pb and Ag from 5-mL aliquots of solutions containing 0.054 and 0.093 mM, respectively. Somewhat less Ni was sorbed from a 0.099 mM solution. The glass fiber medium retained a total of about 43 µmol of Ag g^–1 (4600 µg g^–1). Silver and Ni sorption was highest at low KNO₃ concentrations (as background electrolyte) and decreased to a constant concentration of sorbed metal at about 10 mM KNO₃. Glass fiber filter material should only be used with careful testing for the elements of concern under conditions that closely match expected environmental or experimental conditions.

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