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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Biological Consequences of Wood Ash

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

	Nutrient Balance Assessment for Arkansas

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
A fundamental component of developing nutrient management strategies is to determine the balance between soil nutrient inputs and removals. Slaton et al. (1606–1615) report the net balance (agricultural inputs – agricultural removals) and distribution of N, P, and K for agricultural soils in nine geographic regions within Arkansas. The three districts in the eastern one-third of Arkansas contained 95% of the row-crop hectarage and had net N and P balances that were near zero or negative. The six districts in the western two-thirds of Arkansas accounted for 89 to 100% of the animal populations, had positive net balances for N and P, and excess P ranged from 1 to 9 kg P ha^–1 when distributed across row-crop, hay, and pasture hectarage. Transport of excess nutrients, primarily in poultry litter, from the districts in western Arkansas is needed to achieve a balance between soil inputs and removals of P and N.

	Weedkillers Wander Widely

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Some herbicides used in prairie agriculture volatilize after application and, once in the atmosphere, can be transported widely in the environment. Waite et al. (1616–1628) report on concentrations of five herbicides measured from the atmosphere and bulk atmospheric deposits, and from the surface film and water of two prairie dugouts. Trifluralin was most frequently found in atmospheric samples while MCPA was found in the greatest concentrations in bulk deposits, surface film, and dugout water.

	Advanced Consideration of Pesticide Emission

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Simulation of pesticide volatilization from bare soil as part of a complete pesticide fate model is of utmost importance, especially with regard to models used in the registration procedures for pesticides. Wolters et al. (1629–1637) modified the Pesticide Leaching Model (PELMO), which is used in the European registration process, to allow for more reliable estimation of volatilization after application. Improvements of PELMO, such as implementation of soil-moisture-dependent soil–water partitioning coefficients and reduction of compartment size of the top soil layer, resulted in much better agreement between computations and experimental findings, particularly immediately after application. Prediction of enhanced volatilization fluxes for increasing water content was a main refinement of the model. However, description of water content in the top soil layer is still subject to uncertainty, illustrating the need to develop advanced techniques for elucidating phase partitioning at the top surface.

	Plants Accumulate Perchlorate

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
The fate of perchlorate in macrophytes and natural systems at field scale is not clear. Tan et al. (1638–1646) report that a variety of aquatic and terrestrial plants at a perchlorate-contaminated site accumulated perchlorate. Perchlorate accumulation was affected by environmental conditions, such as distance to streams or shallow water tables, exposure duration, and species. Generally, trees located closer to the stream had higher ClO^–₄ accumulation. The ClO^–₄ accumulation also was affected by exposure duration, with highest accumulation observed in the late growing cycle. Perchlorate may be re-released into the environment via leaching and rainfall as indicated by lower perchlorate concentrations in collected leaf litter.

	Quantifying Fumigation Effects on Soil Nitrogen Dynamics

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
A better understanding of the effect of soil fumigation on N mineralization and nitrification may help to optimize N fertilizer advice and predict NO^–₃ concentrations in crops and NO^–₃ leaching risks. De Neve et al. (1647–1652) relate differences in short- and long-term N mineralization and nitrification following soil fumigation with Cyanamid DD 95 to basic soil properties. The average short-term N mineralization was larger in fumigated than in nonfumigated soils, but the difference between fumigated and nonfumigated soils could not be related to soil properties. Long-term N mineralization rates were not significantly different between fumigated and nonfumigated soils. The nitrification rate constant and the time at which maximum nitrification was reached were strongly correlated with soil pH. However, because of lack of correlation between the effect of fumigation on N mineralization and soil properties, further research will be needed to take into account fumigation effects in fertilizer advising and prediction of NO^–₃ leaching risks.

	Biochemical Fingerprints between Soil and Its Dust?

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Little is known about the potential of enzyme activities, which are sensitive to soil properties and management, for characterization of dust properties and identification of the soil source of dust. Acosta-Martínez and Zobeck (1653–1661) generated dust (27 and 7 µm) under controlled laboratory conditions from agricultural soils with different management history and detected enzyme activities in the dust that are involved in cellulose degradation, and in P and S mineralization in soil. Three enzyme activities studied, as a group, separated dust samples due to crop rotation or tillage practice history of the soil source. Results indicate that enzyme activities of dust will aid to provide better characterization of dust properties, and to expand our understanding of soil and air quality effects related to wind erosion.

	Nutrient "Hot Spots" in Broiler Runs

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Conventional free range and organic broiler production are a promising strategy to produce broiler meat in terms of animal welfare issues. At the same time, offering a free run to broilers bears the risk of nutrient accumulation in areas preferred by birds. In a field study on four conventional free range and organic broiler runs, Kratz et al. (1662–1674) found fecal N input by broilers to result in accumulation of soil mineral N contents down to a sampling depth of 90 cm. Fecal P input by broilers also resulted in accumulation of plant-available and thus mobile soil P in the most intensely used zones. In highly frequented hot spots, soil N and P contents strongly exceeded plant requirement. Overloading soils with N and P may lead to ammonia volatilization into the atmosphere as well as N and P leakage into surface or ground water, with subsequent acidification and eutrophication of soil and water; however, for an environmental evaluation, the scope of the risk connected with spatially limited point accumulation must be considered.

	Analyzing Livestock Overstock in Inner Mongolia

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Grassland degradation is believed to be an important causal factor for serious dust emission in northern China. Livestock overstocking may accelerate grassland degradation. Yu et al. (1675–1681) parameterized a model to calculate livestock carrying capacity based on relationships among rainfall, plant biomass, and maximum allowable grazing intensity, and compared spatial–temporal patterns of the calculated carrying capacity with those of actual stocking rates. They found that the region was overstocked in most rural counties during 1982 to 1991, except for those in the cold north. Livestock densities were more than double the corresponding carrying capacity in warm and humid areas. The analysis can serve as a guide for planning livestock densities and pastoral management in regions with similar climatic and geographical conditions.

	Treating Herbicides with Green Sands

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Waste green sands from gray-iron foundries were evaluated as a reactive medium for use in reactive barriers for treating ground water contaminated with the herbicides alachlor and metolachlor. Waste green sands have potential as a reactive medium because they contain organic C and clay for sorbing contaminants and residual Fe particles for degrading contaminants. Batch and column tests were conducted by Lee and Benson (1682–1693) to evaluate sorptive potential and reactivity. Results show waste green sands have considerable sorptive potential and can degrade alachlor and metolachlor at the same rate (on a surface area basis) as conventional Fe particles used in reactive barriers. Waste green sands generally can be obtained for little or no cost. Thus, using waste green sands in reactive barriers may prove to be economical while also fostering sustainable remedial construction.

	Geostatistics Reduces Remediation Cost Uncertainty

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Sampling is an important step in the management of polluted sites. In practice, however, it is seldom designed to comply with a given level of remediation cost uncertainty. Demougeot-Renard et al. (1694–1702) present a new technique allowing estimation of the number of samples that should be taken at a given investigation stage to reach a forecasted level of accuracy. This technique is based on nonlinear geostatistics (conditional simulations) and on a function allowing estimation of the total cost of remediation (including investigations). The benefit of the technique is demonstrated on a former smelting work site polluted with Pb.

	Inhibition of Chromate Adsorption by Silica

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
The adsorption of chromate on mineral surfaces has been the focus of a great deal of research due to its toxicity in the environment. Numerous spectroscopic studies have determined chromate forms an inner-sphere complex on mineral surfaces. Based on this information one would expect chromate to be relatively immobile in natural systems. However, in the environment, chromate has been observed to be fairly mobile. One explanation for this enhanced mobility has been the presence of naturally occurring ligands (carbonate, biocarbonate, sulfate, and dissolved organic matter) that compete with chromate for mineral surfaces. Dissolved silica (as silicic acid) is ubiquitous in soils and natural waters yet little research has examined its influence on the adsorption of chromate. Garman et al. (1703–1708) examined the influence of silicic acid sorbed to goethite on the adsorption kinetics of chromate. In most experiments, sorbed silicic acid significantly reduced chromate adsorption to goethite and may be responsible for the enhanced mobility of chromate in natural systems.

	Watershed Phosphorus Loss Influenced by Precipitation and Management

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
Land management practices have a major effect on P loss in runoff from agricultural watersheds. Udawatta et al. (1709–1719) used three adjacent agricultural watersheds with claypan soils in northeastern Missouri to examine influences of precipitation and management on runoff characteristics and P loss over a 7-yr period. Annual P loss ranged from 0.29 to 3.59 kg P ha^–1 with a mean of 1.36 kg P ha^–1 across the three watersheds. Years with above-normal precipitation caused high P losses from the watersheds. Significant losses were also observed before and after the cropping season. The five largest runoff events and five largest sediment losses accounted for 27 and 24% of the total P loss measured during the study, respectively. Management practices that reduce runoff and sediment loss in these watersheds could lower P loss.

	Modeling Herbicide Runoff in Northern Italy

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
In Europe, predictive models of pesticide runoff have not been fully validated because of lack of field data sets. Miao et al. (1720–1732) validate the capability of PRZM 3.12 to predict water runoff, sediment erosion, and associated transport of atrazine, terbuthylazine, and metolachlor under common tillage management practices found in northern Italy. The model failed to correctly simulate event-based herbicide concentration, water runoff, and soil erosion. The model calculations did not adequately reflect the relationships between soil erosion intensity and chemical concentration in sediment losses, leading to discrepancies between predictions and field observations. The main reason was that the description of runoff and erosion processes in the model is rather empirical and not physically based.

	Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral-Bound Humic Substances

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
The transport, environmental effects, and ultimate fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants are greatly affected by partitioning to humic substances. The role of humic substances in these various processes may be further complicated by the presence of mineral surfaces. Hur and Schlautman (1733–1742) report that pyrene partitioning to several aquatic and terrestrial humic substances adsorbed on kaolinite and hematite is significantly different than it is with the same humic substances dissolved in water. Because the experimental procedure used minimized any adsorptive fractionation effects, the differences in pyrene partitioning to adsorbed versus dissolved humic substances presumably result from conformation changes that occur on their adsorption to mineral surfaces. In general, the mineral-bound terrestrial and aquatic humic substances exhibited higher and lower pyrene partitioning capabilities, respectively, versus their dissolved forms.

	Fate of Triasulfuron in Compost-Amended Soils

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood... Nutrient Balance Assessment for... Weedkillers Wander Widely Advanced Consideration of... Plants Accumulate Perchlorate Quantifying Fumigation Effects... Biochemical Fingerprints between... Nutrient "Hot Spots" in... Analyzing Livestock Overstock in... Treating Herbicides with Green... Geostatistics Reduces... Inhibition of Chromate... Watershed Phosphorus Loss... Modeling Herbicide Runoff in... Pyrene Partitioning to Mineral... Fate of Triasulfuron in... Pesticide Distribution in... Does Chlorpyrifos Stick to... N,N'-Dibutylurea Persistence in... Mercury Tolerance, Accumulation,... Leaching of Nitrogen from... Microbially Generated Dissolved... Reducing Nitrate Leaching to... Predicting Pollutant Phosphorus... Nitrate Leaching from Lawns Leachfield Water Quality Is... Swine Manure Reduces Field... Poultry Diet Affects Phosphorus... Nutrient Uptake by Wheat... Oxygen Uptake Describes... Bauxite Residue Can Be... Quality Explains Sludge... Phosphorus Stabilization in... Amended Poultry Litter Reduces... Fecal Contamination of Pastoral... Limitations of 17ß... Sludge Character Retained on... Detoxification by a Bifunctional... Bulk Density of Eroding... Adsorption on Glass Fiber...

 
The amendment of an agricultural soil with source-separated municipal waste compost may significantly influence the mobility and persistence of pesticides and thus affect their environmental fate. Said-Pullicino et al. (1743–1751) examined factors like adsorption, kinetics, and rate of degradation of triasulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide used in the postemergence treatment of cereals, in amended soils. Compost application was found to increase the adsorption of triasulfuron and slightly reduce the rate of degradation with respect to nonamended soils. Results also highlight the implication of dissolved organic matter on the fate of triasulfuron in the soil system.

	Pesticide Distribution in California Trout

TOP Biological Consequences of Wood...