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Published in J. Environ. Qual. 33:1528-1534 (2004).
© ASA, CSSA, SSSA
677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA

TECHNICAL REPORTS

Waste Management

Phosphorus Distribution in Dairy Manures

Zhongqi He*, Timothy S. Griffin and C. Wayne Honeycutt

USDA-ARS, New England Plant, Soil, and Water Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469

* Corresponding author (zhe{at}maine.edu).

Received for publication October 1, 2003.

   ABSTRACT
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
The chemical composition of manure P is a key factor determining its potential bioavailability and susceptibility to runoff. The distribution of P forms in 13 dairy manures was investigated with sequential fractionation coupled with orthophosphate-releasing enzymatic hydrolysis. Among the 13 dairy manures, manure total P varied between 4100 and 18300 mg kg–1 dry matter (DM). Water-extractable P was the largest fraction, with inorganic phosphorus (Pi) accounting for 12 to 44% of manure total P (1400–6800 mg kg–1) and organic phosphorus (Po) for 2 to 23% (130–1660 mg kg–1), respectively. In the NaHCO3 fraction, Pi varied between 740 and 4200 mg P kg–1 DM (4–44% of total manure P), and Po varied between 340 and 1550 mg P kg–1 DM (2–27% of total manure P). In the NaOH fraction, Pi fluctuated around 200 mg P kg–1 DM, and Po ranged from 130 to 630 mg P kg–1 DM. Of the enzymatically hydrolyzable Po in the three fractions, phytate-like P dominated, measuring 26 to 605 mg kg–1 DM, whereas monoester P and DNA-like P were relatively low and less variable. Although concentrations of various P forms varied considerably, significant correlations between manure total P and certain P forms were observed. For example, H2O-extracted Pi was correlated with total manure P (R2 = 0.62), and so was NaOH-extracted Po (R2 = 0.81). Data also show that the amount of P released by a single extraction with sodium acetate (100 mM, pH 5.0) was equivalent to the sum of P in all three fractions (H2O-, NaHCO3–, and NaOH-extractable P). Thus, a single extraction by sodium acetate buffer could provide an efficient evaluation of plant-available P in animal manure, while the sequential fractionation approach provides more detailed characterization of manure P.

Abbreviations: DM, dry matter • Pi, inorganic phosphorus • Po, organic phosphorus • Pt, total phosphorus


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
ANIMAL MANURE can be a valuable source of P for plant growth. It may also be one of the major sources of the P responsible for increased eutrophication of surface water. The development of best management practices to optimize recycling of manure P and minimize the adverse environmental effects of animal manure application to cropland is of public interest. Research on manure P has often focused on its bioavailability and runoff after application to soils (e.g., Atia and Mallarino, 2002; Chardon et al., 1997; Crouse et al., 2002; Geohring et al., 2001; Griffin et al., 2003; Reddy et al., 1999; Sharpley and Sisak, 1997; Sharpley and Moyer, 2000). Less information is available on characterizing manure P, although the chemical composition of manure P is a key factor affecting P bioavailability and susceptibility to runoff.

A review of the few references that contain information of manure P composition indicates that fractionation by appropriate extractants was used to characterize manure P. Early researchers categorized P in swine, poultry, cattle, and sheep manures into phospholipid, inorganic, acid-soluble organic, and residual forms (Barnett, 1994a, 1994b; McAuliffe and Peech, 1949; Peperzak et al., 1959). These reports show that Pi constitutes an important proportion, followed in descending order of importance by residual P, acid-soluble organic P, and small amounts of phospholipids. These reports also indicate that concentrations of these manure P forms were affected by many plant and animal factors, such as dietary content and animal species. Barnett (1994a) further found that total, acid-soluble organic, and lipid P varied more, and inorganic and residual P varied less in ruminant than nonruminant fecal materials. Although useful information on manure P availability for plants could be estimated, this approach may be inadequate to address the concern of dissolution and runoff loss of manure P (Dou et al., 2000).

More recently, a sequential fractionation strategy originally developed by Hedley et al. (1982) for soil P characterization has been adapted and modified for characterizing manure P (Leinweber et al., 1997; Dou et al., 2000; Sharpley and Moyer, 2000; He and Honeycutt, 2001). In this approach, manure P is classified as H2O- or resin-, NaHCO3–, NaOH-, and HCl- or H2SO4–extracted P as well as residual P. Organic P in each extractant is estimated by the difference between total phosphorus (Pt) and Pi. The majority of manure P was found in the first three fractions in swine, dairy, and poultry manures by three research groups in the United States (Dou et al., 2000; He and Honeycutt, 2001; Sharpley and Moyer, 2000). In Germany (Leinweber et al., 1997), however, more than 50% of Pt was reported in acid and residual fractions for chicken and liquid swine manures. The authors partially attributed the observation to insoluble mineral phases in the manures. As pointed out by Sharpley and Moyer (2000), although the fractionation approach is cheap and can provide a rapid estimate of P solubilities and labilities, interpreting the chemical composition of Pi and Po from chemical fractionation can be risky due to the intrinsic obscurity of the extractants used and the different physicochemical properties of manure and soil (He et al., 2003).

Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can provide information on P species in animal manure. Leinweber et al. (1997) demonstrated with 31P NMR spectra of NaOH extracts that chicken manure orthophosphate accounted for more than 50% of Pt, with lesser amounts of monoester and diester P. In swine manure, about 50% of Pt was monoester P, with about equal amounts of Pi and diester P. One advantage of this NMR method is its ability to account for all organic P directly in an extract sample. However, the alkaline conditions required for NMR running can result in hydrolysis of some labile organic P species (Leinweber et al., 1997). Furthermore, the ecological significance of the 31P NMR-visible P species (i.e., dissolution and plant availability) was not clear, and required additional studies (Leinweber et al., 1997).

Phosphatase hydrolysis provides another approach for classifying manure P. We designed a phosphatase hydrolysis method to characterize swine and cattle manure P (He and Honeycutt, 2001) and further improved the method (He et al., 2004). In this enzymatic approach, Po in H2O-, NaHCO3–, and NaOH-extracted fractions of manure P were incubated with acid phosphatase from potato, acid phosphatases from potato and wheat germ, and both phosphatases plus nuclease P1, separately, at pH 5.0. The P released differentially by these enzymes was designated as simple monoester P, phytate (hexaphosphate)-like P, and DNA-like P, respectively. Where most studies report only total Po in sequentially extracted fractions, the enzymatic hydrolysis is able to separate Po into enzymatically hydrolyzable organic P species and enzymatically nonhydrolyzable P. The former is considered labile or bioavailable P, the latter recalcitrant P. These two types of organic P show different dynamic patterns after incorporation to soils (He et al., unpublished data, 2004), suggesting the importance of distinguishing the hydrolyzable Po forms.

The primary objective of the present work was to improve the understanding of manure P chemistry by characterizing 13 dairy manures with the sequential fractionation coupled with phosphatase hydrolysis. We also evaluated the relationship of P extracted by single sodium acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 5.0) with the H2O-, NaHCO3–, and NaOH-extractable P in the sequential fractionation because this single extraction may offer a rapid and efficient evaluation of plant-available P in animal manure.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Manures and Fractionation
Thirteen dairy manure samples were obtained from local commercial dairy farms (via the University of Maine Analytical Laboratory), representing a range in storage types and bedding options. Each sample was homogenized, freeze-dried, ground to pass 2 mm, and stored at –20°C until use. Total N was measured by Kjeldahl digestion. Total P was measured by dry combustion, followed by digestion in 0.5 M H2SO4 and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Selected properties of these manures are listed in Table 1.


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  		Table 1. Characteristics of dairy manure used in this study.

 
The sequential fractionation scheme described in He et al. (2004) was used in this study. Each sample (0.25 g of manure) was sequentially extracted in 25 mL of deionized H2O for 2 h, 0.5 M NaHCO3 for 16 h, and 0.1 M NaOH for 16 h. Extractions were performed at 22°C on an orbital shaker (250 rpm). Samples were then centrifuged at 23700 x g for 30 min at 4°C and the supernatant was decanted and filtered through a 0.45-µm filter. Manure samples (0.25 g each) were also separately extracted by 25 mL of 100 mM Na acetate buffer (pH 5.0) for 1 h, then 10 mL of the buffer for 1 h. Both extracts by the buffer were combined. Experiments were performed in triplicate.

Enzymes and Enzymatic Incubation
Acid phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.2), type I from wheat germ (0.5 U mg–1 solid) and type IV-S from potato (5.3 U mg–1 solid), and nuclease P1 (EC 3.1.30.1) from Penicillium citrinum (355 U mg–1 solid), were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). One unit (U) of enzyme activity was defined as liberation of 1.0 µmol of relevant product from appropriate substrates at optimal incubation conditions based on the supplier's information.

All enzymatic incubations were performed at 37°C for 1 h. The NaHCO3 and NaOH fractions were neutralized to pH 5.0 by slow addition of 2.5 or 8 M acetic acid. EDTA (1 mM final concentration) was added to the NaOH fraction to prevent phosphorus compounds from precipitating during pH adjustment. The incubation mixtures contained enzymes (acid phosphatases 0.25, and nuclease P1 2 U mL–1 mixture) and 100 mM Na acetate (pH 5.0) (He et al., 2004). Controls were included whereby either the enzyme or samples (substrates) were omitted.

Phosphorus Determination
Orthophosphate (i.e., inorganic P, Pi) was assayed by a molybdate blue method modified by Dick and Tabatabai (1977), with total assay volume reduced to 1 mL. It is worth noting that this method is developed for accurate determination of Pi, whereas other molybdate blue methods determine a loosely defined "molybdate-reactive P" which may include some labile Po and condensed Pi (Dick and Tabatabai, 1977; Haygarth and Sharpley, 2000). Total P was determined in the same way after H2SO4–H2O2 digestion and adjustment to pH 5. Organic P was estimated as the difference between total P and Pi. Enzyme-released P was calculated as the difference between Pi contents determined in the presence and absence of the enzyme(s). Simple monoester P was determined by the difference in P contents determined in the presence and absence of potato phosphatase. Phytate-like P was calculated as potato and wheat germ phosphatases–released P minus potato phosphatase–released P. The DNA-like P was calculated from P released by all three enzymes minus potato– and wheat germ phosphatases–released P (He et al., 2004).


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Dry Matter and Total Phosphorus Contents
Among the 13 dairy manures, the dry matter (DM) content varied between 4.2 and 22.9% of fresh manure weight, and total manure P between 4100 and 18300 mg kg–1 DM (Table 1). The average DM content was 11.7% with standard deviation (SD) of 5.7%. Average total manure P was 9130 mg kg–1 DM with a SD of 3770 mg kg–1 DM. The wide range and variability of these parameters among the 13 samples reflect a combined differences in feed ingredients, animal characteristics and production levels, and other management factors such as type of bedding materials in use and manure storage conditions. Barnett (1994a) reported that in fresh uncontaminated feces of 15 dairy herds on commercial farms, DM varied from 13.5 to 16.2% with an average of 14.3% and SD of 9.0%, whereas Pt varied from 6000 to 16000 mg kg–1 DM with an average of 9300 and SD of 3000. Sharpley and Moyer (2000) reported that in 24 dairy manures collected over two years, DM varied from 25.6 to 35.0% with an average of 30.1% and SD of 2.4%, whereas total manure P varied from 1500 to 7800 mg kg–1 DM with an average of 3500 and SD of 2000. Thus, values of the data obtained in this work were similar to those reported by Barnett (1994a), but considerably less than the data reported by Sharpley and Moyer (2000). This may be because the latter data were obtained from an experimental facility at a single location, which reduced the variations caused by the different raising practices on different farms.

Total manure P was negatively related to the DM content of the 13 manures (Fig. 1), suggesting that the quality of animal manure in terms of nutrient P decreased with greater percentages of DM in the 13 samples. We, however, did not have adequate information to explain the observation. Any conclusive correlation and explanation can only be established after more extensive research.



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  		Fig. 1. Relationship of total manure P with dry matter content of dairy manure.

 
Phosphorus Forms in Sequential Fractions
Previous observations by Dou et al. (2000)(2002), He and Honeycutt (2001), and Sharpley and Moyer (2000) indicate that most of the P in dairy manure was soluble in H2O, NaHCO3, and NaOH, leaving only a small amount of HCl-extractable P. In this study, we therefore omitted the HCl extraction step in the sequential extraction of dairy manures.

A large portion of total dairy manure P was extracted by H2O. The extracted Pi varied between 1000 and 6800 mg P kg–1 DM (12–44% of total manure P), and Po varied between 130 and 1700 mg P kg–1 DM (2–23% of total manure P) in the 13 manure samples (Fig. 2A). In the H2O fraction, Pi was more highly correlated (r2 = 0.62) to total manure P than Po (r2 = 0.24). The slope of the linear regression equation for H2O-extractable Pi indicates that each unit increase of manure total P would bring a 0.32-unit increase of water-soluble Pi. In the NaHCO3 fraction, Pi varied between 740 and 4200 mg P kg–1 DM (4–44% of total manure P), and Po varied between 340 and 1550 mg P kg–1 DM (2–27% of total manure P). However, no apparent correlation of either Pi or Po to total manure P was observed (Fig. 2B). More of the total manure P was present as Po than Pi in the NaOH fraction (Fig. 2C). Inorganic P fluctuated around 200 mg P kg–1 DM (1–4% of total manure P). In contrast to the H2O fraction, Po (2–6% of total manure P), not Pi, was positively correlated to total manure P (r2 = 0.81). The high amount of Pi in the H2O fraction, and its positive correlation with total manure P, may reflect the mineral composition of and oversupply of feedstuff P (Dou et al., 2002). Lack of significant correlation for either Pi or Po in the NaHCO3 fraction may reflect the intermediate ability of NaHCO3 to extract P. In other words, much of the readily soluble P was already extracted by H2O; the majority of tight-bound P was only extractable by a strong extractant, such as NaOH.



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  		Fig. 2. Distribution of inorganic and organic P in sequential fractions of dairy manure.

 
Relative amounts of P in sequential fractions of these 13 dairy manures were consistent with our previous observation (He and Honeycutt, 2001). In a representative dairy manure, Sharpley and Moyer (2000) observed that Pi comprised 51, 9, and 2% of Pt in the H2O, NaHCO3, and NaOH fractions, respectively. The percentage of Po was 12, 2, and 11% of Pt in the three fractions. Dou et al. (2000) reported that H2O-, NaHCO3–, and NaOH-extracted P were 70, 14, and 6% of total manure P, respectively. Whereas the general trend of P distribution in the three fractions is similar, differences in specific values might arise from the specific extraction procedures adapted, such as shortened extraction times. Dou et al. (2002) observed that increasing dietary P concentrations resulted in a greater amount of P in the H2O fraction of dairy manure, whereas P concentrations in other fractions remained low. Their observation could be an explanation for the positive correlation between H2O-extractable Pi and total manure P observed in this study. The lability of H2O-extracted Po made it poorly related to total manure P.

Distribution of Hydrolyzable Organic Phosphorus in Sequential Fractions
We further examined the distribution of hydrolyzable Po forms in the three sequential fractions of 13 dairy manures with the enzymatic approach of phosphatase hydrolysis (He et al., 2004). The quantity of simple monoester P ranged from none to about 100 mg kg–1 DM (2% of total manure P) in both H2O and NaHCO3 fractions, and from 25 to 100 mg kg–1 DM in the NaOH fraction (Fig. 3). The proportions of DNA-like P were in the same range as that of simple monoester P with exceptions of 150 mg kg–1 DM in one H2O fraction and 200 mg kg–1 DM in one NaHCO3 fraction (Fig. 3). The relatively stable and low amounts of these two types of P may be attributed to the hydrolysis catalyzed by phosphatase and phosphodiesterase activity existing in dairy manure (Dick and Tabatabai, 1984).



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  		Fig. 3. Distribution of enzymatically hydrolyzable organic P in sequential fractions of dairy manure.

 
Phytate-like P (up to 5% of total manure P in each fraction) was present as the major hydrolyzable Po form in all three fractions. The concentration of phytate-like P in the H2O fraction increased along with total manure P (Fig. 3A). Amounts of phytate-like P in NaHCO3 and NaOH fractions were not related to changes in total manure P (Fig. 3B and 3C). In contrast, phytate-like P in NaHCO3 and NaOH fractions was better related to organic P in each fraction (Pphytate = 0.24Po – 53, R2 = 0.52, and Pphytate = 0.15Po + 36, R2 = 0.41, respectively). These data indicate that phytate-like P in the three fractions might have originated from different sources. The Po in manures is in part directly from the feedstuff, in part excreted by the animal, and in part synthesized by the microorganisms in and outside of the digestive tract (Peperzak et al., 1959). Even soluble Pi added into the feedstuff can appear in the Po fraction as shown by isotope-labeled P uptake experiments (McAuliffe and Peech, 1949). We hypothesize that phytate-like P present in the H2O fraction could be undigested phytate from feedstuffs, thus exhibiting a closer relationship with quantity of total manure P. The phytate-like P in other two fractions might be the result of microbial activities in the manure before and after excretion.

Phosphorus Extracted by Sodium Acetate Buffer
The sequential fractionation approach provided comprehensive information on manure P characteristics. However, the procedure takes considerable time. Thus, single H2O-extracted P has been proposed to serve as an indicator of potential P runoff (Dou et al., 2002; Kleinman et al., 2002; Sharpley and Moyer, 2000). However, H2O-extractable P is not the only P in manure available for plant growth (Atia and Mallarino, 2002). Morgan (1.24 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.8) or modified Morgan (0.62 M NH4OH + 1.25 M acetic acid, pH 4.8) P has been used in Maine as a soil P indicator (Griffin et al., 2003). Therefore, we tested sodium acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 5.0) as a single extractant for plant-available P in manure. We selected pH 5 because it was close to that for Morgan or modified Morgan P and was the optimal pH required for enzymatic hydrolysis. In the 13 dairy manures, the amounts of both Pi and Po extracted by sodium acetate buffer were greater than those extracted by H2O alone, ranging from 2000 to 7400 mg P kg–1 DM. The concentration of Po fluctuated around 1000 mg P kg–1 DM, with a range from 140 to 2200 mg P kg–1 DM. The acetate buffer–extracted P revealed interesting relationships with P forms in sequential fractions. Buffer-extracted Pi was more strongly correlated with the sum of Pi in the H2O and NaHCO3 fractions (r2 = 0.41) than Pi in the H2O fractions (r2 = 0.20) (Fig. 4A). Inclusion of NaOH-extracted Pi in the sum increased the y intercept only slightly because the amount of Pi extracted by NaOH in the sequential fractionation was relatively small at around 200 mg P kg–1 DM in the 13 manures (Fig. 2A). In contrast, the buffer-extracted Po was better correlated to Po in the H2O fraction (r2 = 0.73) than the sum of Po in the two fractions (r2 = 0.54) (Fig. 4B). The acetate buffer–extracted Pt was correlated to the sum of Pt in the H2O and NaHCO3 fractions with a greater value of 0.89 (Fig. 4C) than either Pi or Po alone. This observation might reflect the fact that different degrees of Po hydrolysis occurred during acetate and sequential extractions. Total P extracted by the acetate buffer had an average of 6221 mg P kg–1 DM with SD of 1811. Total P in both H2O and NaHCO3 fractions had an average of 6104 mg P kg–1 DM with SD of 1668. The average of total P in all three fractions was 6669 mg P kg–1 DM with SD of 1701. These data indicate that the amount of P extracted by single sodium acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 5.0) from dairy manure was equal to the summed amount of P extracted by H2O, NaHCO3, and NaOH in the sequential fractionation. We were not able to conclude whether NaOH-extractable P was really extracted by sodium acetate buffer due to the low amount of P extracted by NaOH in the sequential fractions. The property of sodium acetate buffer may imply an exclusion of NaOH-extractable P in the acetate pool. In spite of this obscurity, the correlation between acetate-extracted P and the sequentially extracted P suggested that the single acetate-extracted P covered all plant-available P that was identified in the three sequential fractions based on the assumption that H2O- and NaHCO3–extracted P are labile, and NaOH-extracted P is somewhat labile (Hedley et al., 1982; Cross and Schlesinger, 1995). Therefore, a single extraction by sodium acetate buffer could provide a rapid and efficient evaluation of plant-available P in animal manure, while the sequential fractionation approach provides more detailed characterization of manure P.



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  		Fig. 4. Relationships of sodium acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 5.0) extracted P with H2O-extractable P, summed H2O- and NaHCO3–extractable P, or summed H2O-, NaHCO3–, and NaOH-extractable P in the sequential fractionation.

 

   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
 
Concentrations and composition of manure P often varied considerably. Among the 13 dairy manures evaluated in the present study, manure total P varied between 4100 and 18300 mg kg–1 DM with an average of 9130 mg kg–1 DM. It is noticeable, however, that total manure P was negatively related to the DM content in the 13 manures. A large portion of dairy manure P was extracted by H2O. In the H2O fraction, Pi (r2 = 0.62) is better correlated to total manure P than Po (r2 = 0.24). No apparent correlation of either Pi or Po to total manure P was observed in the NaHCO3 fraction. In the NaOH fraction, the amount of Po is greater than that of Pi, and Po, not Pi, was positively correlated to total manure P (r2 = 0.81). Phytate-like P was present as the major hydrolyzable Po in all three fractions (26–605 mg kg–1 DM). The concentration of phytate-like P in the H2O fraction increased with increasing total manure P. Concentrations of simple monoester P and DNA-like P were low in all three fractions.

The average Pt extracted by single sodium acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 5.0) was equal to the summed amount of H2O-, NaHCO3–, and NaOH-extractable labile P in the sequential fractionation. Thus, single extraction by sodium acetate buffer could be used for fast evaluation of plant-available P in animal manure with less workload than application of the sequential fractionation approach.


   NOTES
TOP
 NOTES
ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Trade names mentioned in the paper are for information only and do not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or exclusion by the USDA-ARS.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 


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