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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Impact of Transgenic Crops on Rhizosphere Microorganisms

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

	Genetically Modified Crops and Nutrient Cycling

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
Soil microbes have many functions in soils including involvement in several processes affecting nutrient cycling. The recent increase in the global agricultural area cultivated with genetically modified (GM) crops has raised public concern over the direct and indirect environmental effects of growing these crops, including effects on soil ecology. Motavalli et al. (816–824) discovered that no conclusive research has been presented that currently released GM crops are causing significant direct effects on stimulating or suppressing soil nutrient cycling in agricultural fields. However, an evaluation of the environmental impact of GM crops grown under a wide range of soil properties and climate is needed for a more complete assessment.

	Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and Symbiotic N Fixation

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean expressing an insensitive 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene has revolutionized weed control in soybean production since 1996. The soybean N fixing symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, possesses a glyphosate-sensitive enzyme and on exposure to glyphosate accumulates shikimic acid and hydroxybenzoic acids such as protocatechuic acid, accompanied with B. japonicum growth inhibition and death at high concentrations. Glyphosate accumulated in nodules of field-grown GR soybean, but its effect on nitrogenase activity of GR soybean was inconsistent in field studies. A minireview by Zablotowicz and Reddy (825–831) summarizes results of a few studies that have attempted to assess the risk of GR soybean technology on symbiotic N fixation.

	Bt Corn and Microbes

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn is transgenically modified to be protected from insect pests, and has been planted widely in the USA. Blackwood and Buyer (832–836) used phospholipid fatty acid profiles and community-level physiological profiles to determine whether growth of Bt corn had a different effect on soil microbial communities compared with growth of non-Bt corn. To conduct this test, several corn lines were grown in three soils of widely differing textures in a growth chamber. They found that the profiles of microbial communities were heavily affected by soil type, but the effect of the Bt gene in corn was small.

	Transgenic Corn is Not Harmful to Soil Microbes

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
Public concern regarding the environmental safety of transgenic crops has increased in response to reports suggesting adverse effects on nontarget organisms, particularly arthropods. However, the direct and indirect risks to nontarget soil microorganisms of growing this Bt corn have not been assessed under field conditions. Devare et al. (837–843) found that neither growing Bt corn nor applying the insecticide tefluthrin had deleterious effects on microbial biomass or activity (N mineralization potential, short-term nitrification rate) measured at flowering. Soil respiration was depressed by tefluthrin application, but not by Bt corn. Bacterial community composition measured by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis indicated that bacterial species composition and relative abundance differed substantially between years, but did not differ with treatment. Results suggest neither Cry3Bb Bt corn nor tefluthrin pose a measurable threat to the ecology of the soil microbial community.

	Does Swine Waste Treatment Design Make Scents?

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
The emission of ammonia gas is a potential pollution concern for constructed wetlands that treat animal wastewater. Little is known about the magnitude of ammonia emission from these wetlands or the affect wetland design elements such as open water have on ammonia emission. Poach et al. (844–851) used a novel chamber to quantify ammonia emissions from marsh–pond–marsh wetlands treating swine wastewater. As the amount of ammonia applied to the wetlands increased, ammonia emission tended to increase at a greater rate for the pond sections than for the marsh sections. The increased ammonia emission probably resulted from the greater wind-exposed area and higher wastewater pH of the pond sections. Therefore, depending on the amount of ammonia applied, the addition of a pond section to the wetland design could increase the pollution potential of the wetland treatment system.

	Reclaimed Effluent Affects Formation of Nitrite and N2O

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
The effect of irrigation with reclaimed effluent (RE), after secondary treatment, on the mechanisms and rates of nitrite formation, N₂O emissions, and other N processes is not well known. Master et al. (852–860) conducted 10- to 14-d laboratory experiments with Grumosol (Chromoxerert) soil, using ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer, and found that RE application significantly enhanced the formation of nitrite and the emissions of N₂O, as compared with fresh water treatments. The highest levels of nitrite were observed at a water content of 0.60 kg kg^–1 and on application of RE on dry soil. Isotopic labeling indicated the majority of nitrite and about 42% of the N₂O was formed via nitrification. Results indicate that irrigation with secondary RE stimulates nitrification, which may enhance NO₃ leaching losses. This could possibly be a consequence of long-term exposure of the nitrifier population to RE irrigation.

	Nutrient Amendments and PAH Biodegradation

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
Microbial biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during bioremediation is typically constrained by lack of available nutrients. Xu and Obbard (861–867) report that the presence of a slow-release fertilizer, Osmocote, at a concentration of 1.9% (sediment dry-mass equivalent), enhanced PAH biodegradation in an oil-contaminated beach sediment over a 45-d period because it was able to maintain nutrient concentration (N and P) at high levels in leached sediments under an open tidal irrigation and enhanced the metabolic activity of the indigenous microbial biomass. In contrast, the stimulatory effect of inorganic soluble nutrients and the slow-release fertilizer Inipol EAP-22 was found to be limited due to their susceptibility to leaching from sediments. The study advocates use of slow-release fertilizers, such as Osmocote, as a sustained and effective source of nutrients for the intrinsic bioremediation of oil-contaminated beach sediments.

	Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation of Benzonitrile

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
Burning of crop residues is a common agricultural practice that incorporates the resulting ash into soil. Zhang et al. (868–872) report that ash resulting from burning of wheat straw was more effective than soil in adsorbing benzonitrile. Desorption of benzonitrile from wheat ash was slower than from soil. As such, biodegradation of benzonitrile in soil in the presence of wheat ash was substantially reduced. Results suggest that the presence of crop-residue-derived ash may increase the persistence of pesticides in agricultural soils.

	Biosolids Improves Vegetation Establishment Following Wildfires

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
Establishment of vegetation following high-severity wildfires in western U.S. forests is tantamount to soil-erosion prevention. Meyer et al. (873–881) found that single applications of composted sewage biosolids (applied at rates from 0 to 80 Mg ha^–1) from Denver, CO, disked into soil affected by the Buffalo Creek wildfire (1996) provided an excellent seedbed and source of nutrients for eight seeded native grasses. Even though the biosolids affected total soil C and N for only 1 yr after application, the higher application rates provided larger biomass production for up to 5 yr following application. Since there is not enough biosolids to cover the thousands of hectares affected by wildfires each year, strategic placement of biosolids with seeded grasses to create vegetated buffer strips would improve runoff capture and reduce soil erosion, protecting water quality and improving soil productivity.

	Spatial Predictions of Heavy Metals in Wheat

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
Uncertainty of regression predictions of Cd and Pb in wheat, and contributions to the uncertainties in these predictions associated with inputs to the regression model, are quantified by Brus and Jansen (882–890). A latin hypercube sample is constructed from uncertainty distributions of the explanatory variables (pH, soil organic matter, and heavy metal concentration in soil), regression coefficients, and the random term of the regression model, and is used as input for the regression model. Uncertainty in the Cd concentration in soil contributes most to the uncertainty in predicted Cd concentrations in wheat (36% on average), followed by the random term of the regression model (23%). For Pb, the contribution of the random term is by far the largest (52%).

	Soil Acidification Dissolves Some Metals

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
In soils containing only low concentrations of heavy metals, long-term acidification may increase the environmental impacts of these metals by increasing their solubility and mobility. Bang and Hesterberg (891–901) simulated soil acidification in the laboratory using moderately contaminated soils from a military site in eastern North Carolina. Dissolution of Cu, Pb, and Zn occurred at pH < 4 (Cu and Pb) or pH < 5 (Zn), with dissolved Pb concentrations exceeding current ground water contamination standards in some samples. Increases in dissolved Cr and As dissolution were not detected, perhaps because these elements were present in the soil solid phase in their less soluble oxidation states [Cr(III) and As(V)] as determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis. Chemical forms (speciation) of solid-phase metal contaminants are important in addition to contaminant concentration in understanding their potential environmental impacts.

	By-Products or Fixing Agents?

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
Co-contamination by anionic and cationic pollutants often occurs in the environment and remediation technologies to tackle this scenario are limited. Lombi et al. (902–910) assess the usefulness of Fe-rich industrial by-products to remediate a Cu- and As-contaminated soil. They performed a comparative risk assessment of the materials taking into account various pathways of exposure, different environmental endpoints, and the different sensitivity of such endpoints. Results indicate that some industrial by-products could be used for remediation of soils co-contaminated with heavy metals and anionic metalloids. In particular, a water sludge was the most effective amendment in terms of enhancing plant and microbial growth, decreasing metal and As mobility, and diminishing bioaccessible As.

	Denitrification in Riparian Subsoils

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
The effectiveness of riparian zones as nitrate sinks is influenced by subsurface variations in organic matter that supports microbial activity. Hill et al. (911–919) examined vertical variations in denitrification in relation to lithology in five stream riparian zones. Highest denitrification rates were often found in the top 0- to 15-cm surface riparian soil layer. However, high denitrification activity also occurred at depths of 40 to 300 cm in widespread organic-rich layers that resulted from natural floodplain processes and the burial of surface soils by rapid valley-bottom sedimentation. Ground water in the five riparian zones only interacted with surface soils in spring, whereas subsurface organic layers that sustain considerable denitrification were below the water table for most of the year. Therefore, riparian zones with organic deposits at depth can be effective nitrate sinks even when the water table is not located near the ground surface.

	Enhanced Desorption of Herbicides from Soils by Triton X-100

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
Surfactant-enhanced desorption of herbicides from soils can be of interest in soil remediation technologies. Rodríguez-Cruz et al. (920–929) report that Triton X-100 modifies the desorption of atrazine and linuron from soils in comparison with the desorption in water. These modifications depend on the concentration of surfactant, the hydrophobic character of herbicides, and the clay and organic matter contents of the soil. In Triton X-100 solution 100 times the critical micelle concentration, desorption of the hydrophobic herbicide linuron increased 18 times in soil with high organic matter content while desorption of atrazine only increased threefold. In soil with high clay content, desorption of both herbicides was very low due to adsorption of surfactant by the soil.

	Identifying Models for Acetochlor Dissipation in Volcanic Soils

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
First-order kinetics is commonly used to describe pesticide dissipation without questioning the adequacy of the model description. Ma et al. (930–938) found that this model significantly underestimated acetochlor dissipation in two New Zealand soils, where the dissipation followed a biphasic pattern. They demonstrated that biphasic models are needed to adequately describe acetochlor dissipation. The biphasic models were also found useful to examine whether or not first-order kinetics adequately described pesticide dissipation. The implications are significant for pesticide registration as pesticide persistence is a key parameter in pesticide risk assessment.

	Metabolites Potentially Zip Through Strip

TOP Impact of Transgenic Crops... Genetically Modified Crops and... Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and... Bt Corn and Microbes Transgenic Corn is Not... Does Swine Waste Treatment... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Nutrient Amendments and PAH... Wheat Ash Reduces Biodegradation... Biosolids Improves Vegetation... Spatial Predictions of Heavy... Soil Acidification Dissolves... By-Products or Fixing Agents? Denitrification in Riparian... Enhanced Desorption of... Identifying Models for... Metabolites Potentially Zip... Brazilian Savanna is a... Remote Assessment of Crown... Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched... Willow Roots Increase Metal... Microbial Pathogen Transport in... Stream Nitrate Control by... Signs of Decreasing Acidity... Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate... Treating Contaminated River... Sequence-Based Microbial Source... Fluxes Monitored and... Protozoa Efficiently Eats... Improved Water Quality from... Hybrid Poplar Growth is... Phosphorus Forms in Organic... Manure Application and... Issues in Industrial Waste... Runoff from a Beef... In Situ Measurement of... Spreading Pig Manure: What... Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible? Constructed, Agricultural... Nitrate Removal in Riparian... Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal... Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow...

 
Previous results indicate that dissolved-phase metolachlor transported in surface runoff is retained by vegetative filter strips to a greater degree than either metolachlor oxanilic acid or metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid, two primary metabolites of metolachlor. Adsorption and desorption of these metabolites in vegetated filter strip soils has not been evaluated, yet these data are required to assess the potential mobility of these compounds in vegetated filter strips. Results of Krutz et al. (939–945) indicate that the potential mobility of metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid and metolachlor oxanilic acid is considerably greater than that of metolachlor in vegetated filter strip and cultivated soils.

	Brazilian Savanna is a Large PAH Reservoir

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There is increasing evidence of unknown sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the tropics. The PAHs are a class of organic pollutants usually believed to originate from fossil fuel combustion. Wilcke et al. (946–955), however, discovered that in the Brazilian savanna the storages of two PAHs, naphthalene and phenanthrene, are so large they could only be explained by several hundreds to thousands of years of annual PAH deposition in western industrialized countries. In these countries, industrial activities, traffic, and domestic heating result in large PAH emissions. Naphthalene and phenanthrene dominated the PAH mixture in savanna vegetation and soils while high-molecular-weight combustion markers were lacking. Internal plant tissues (e.g., stemwood) showed similar naphthalene and phenanthrene concentrations as external tissues (e.g., leaves), which are exposed to the atmospheric PAH load. It is suggested there are biological sources of naphthalene and phenanthrene in the Brazilian savanna, which must be considered for global distribution assessment of PAHs.

	Remote Assessment of Crown Condition

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Leaf damage and discoloration are key indicators defining the health of eucalypt trees. Imagery obtained from aircraft can possibly detect small changes in canopy condition before being observed by foresters. Coops et al. (956–964) found that images obtained from aircraft and ground-based instruments could estimate leaf damage and amount of leaf discoloration as well as the size and density of tree crowns.

	Mining of a Phosphorus-Enriched Sandy Soil

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Leaching of P is a problem in sandy soils of areas with intensive livestock farming. Mining soil P was proposed as a possible management strategy for P-enriched soils to reduce the risk of P leaching. However, quantitative information on the long-term change in soil P in P-enriched soils, after P application has stopped, is scarce. Koopmans et al. (965–975) performed a pot experiment with grass cropped on a P-enriched sandy soil without P addition over a relatively long period (978 d). A desorption isotherm was constructed by plotting P extractable from soil by ammonium oxalate (P_ox) against P desorbed in 1:10 (w/v) 0.01 M CaCl₂ soil extracts after various periods of plant growth. From strong nonlinearity of the desorption isotherm, it can be understood why the relative decrease of P concentration in CaCl₂ extracts was much larger than the relative decrease of P_ox. Mining soil P decreased P concentration in CaCl₂ extracts, used to simulate P in the soil solution, effectively, so the risk of P leaching from a P-enriched sandy soil was also reduced.

	Willow Roots Increase Metal Mobility in Contaminated Sediments

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Willow trees are often proposed for restoration and cleaning of metal-contaminated sites. Vervaeke et al. (976–983) report a higher availability of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the root zone of willow grown on dredged sediment compared with unplanted treatments. The opposite was true for Pb. Sediment in the root zone was better structured and aggregated, and thus more permeable for downward water flows, causing leaching of a fraction of the metals and significantly lower total contents of Cd, Cu, and Pb. These findings indicate that a vegetation cover strategy to stabilize sediments can increase metal availability in the root zone, and potential metal losses to the environment should be considered.

	Microbial Pathogen Transport in Overland Flow

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Microbial pathogens in runoff from animal production facilities have the potential to degrade surface water; however, information on measures for source control of such pathogens from these facilities is limited. Trask et al. (984–993) present results on overland and near-surface transport of Cryptosporidium parvum in a controlled laboratory environment. Vegetated surfaces effectively reduce the overall transport of C. parvum in overland flow. The vegetation acts as an effective barrier allowing for possible oocyst entrapment within the vegetation, adsorption to the plant material, and infiltration through the soil profile. Vegetative filter strips can be used as a best management practice to control C. parvum in runoff from animal production facilities.

	Stream Nitrate Control by Pyrite-Bearing Aquifer

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In the context of agricultural N excesses, pyrite-bearing aquifers represent interesting natural buffer compartments due to nitrate reduction linked with pyrite oxidation in the ground water. Using sulfate released by pyrite oxidation as a tracer of the ground water and monitoring the ground water head near the bank and under the streambed, Grimaldi et al. (994–1001) examined the hydrological conditions under which ground water inflow leads to a decrease in stream nitrate concentration. This effect was maximal during rainy periods in baseflow and lasted as long as the shallow ground water, rich in nitrate, did not feed the stream. Intensity and duration of the effect would be extended by reduction of shallow ground water inflow, depending on climate but also on the presence of landscape features such as hedges and buffer zones.

	Signs of Decreasing Acidity in Adirondack Streams

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Declining levels of acidic deposition through the 1990s suggest the potential for decreases in the acidity of stream water in the western Adirondack region of New York, where effects on surface waters have been well documented. Lawrence et al. (1002–1009) present an analysis of data from three streams; the only continuous records of stream chemistry available for this region in the 1990s. Values of acid neutralizing capacity and pH increased from 1991 to 2001 in all three streams, although removal of variability related to changes in flows resulted in no trend in one stream, and weakened trends in the other two streams. Trends in stream chemistry were, in general, consistent with trends in acidic deposition, but a direct relationship was not observed. As in 1990, two of the streams continue to experience episodic acidification at levels harmful to fish populations.

	Cover Cropping Reduces Nitrate Loss

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Despite the use of best management practices for N management, nitrate N is leached from row crop production systems. Strock et al. (1010–1016) report that a cropping system that included a winter rye cover crop reduced water flow and nitrate N loss from subsurface drainage by 11 and 13%, respectively, compared with a cropping system with no cover crop. Extremes in temperature and precipitation in autumn and/or spring can significantly improve or reduce cover crop establishment and biomass production in the northern Corn Belt. Data from southwestern Minnesota suggest that winter rye will be a successful cover crop for reducing nitrate N losses in 1 of 4 yr. Some of this relatively low success rate is due to years with low leaching potential, while the remainder is due to inadequate rye establishment and growth.

	Treating Contaminated River Water by Floodplain Filtration

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If contaminated river water is sprayed over a floodplain, the consequent water filtration through the sediment profile can simultaneously remove organic matter and N from the water through aerobic and denitrifying reactions. Chung et al. (1017–1023) tested this hypothesis in a lysimeter experiment. When contaminated river water was applied to lysimeters at 68 mm d^–1, a reducing condition for denitrification developed below the 5-cm depth due to depletion of O₂ by organic matter degradation in the surface oxidizing layer. At a depth of 70 cm, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NO₃–N concentration decreased to 5.2 and 3.8 mg L^–1, respectively, from the respective influent concentrations of 17.1 and 6.2 mg L^–1. Results indicate that the floodplain filtration technique is of great promise in the treatment of contaminated river water.

	Sequence-Based Microbial Source Tracking

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Genetic differences among different strains of Escherichia coli have been used to identify probable host sources of waterborne microbial contamination. While previous studies used indirect means for detecting genetic differences, this study tested whether DNA sequence data could be used directly for identifying host sources of E. coli. Focusing on ß-glucuronidase, which is commonly used for identifying E. coli in water monitoring tests, Ram et al. (p. 1024–1032) sequenced part of its gene in strains isolated from both environmental waters and feces of known hosts. Water samples from beaches indicated a high percentage of avian sources, whereas upper reaches of a nearby river and a combined sewer had significantly higher percentages of human sources than the beach. These experiments provide a "proof in principle" that sequence-based data can be used for microbial source tracking.

	Fluxes Monitored and Preferential Flow Wins

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Solute concentration and soluble dye studies inferring that preferential flow accelerates field-scale contaminant transport are common but flux measurements quantifying its impact are essentially nonexistent. Field-scale solute fluxes of two soluble tracers were monitored under two different irrigation regimes by Gish et al. (1033–1040). The dramatic impact of preferential transport at the higher irrigation rate reinforces the importance of comprehending and quantifying transport mechanisms to predict contaminant transport in unsaturated soils. It has been conventionally practiced to calibrate a model under a flow rate and then apply the model to predict contaminant transport under other flow rates. Results suggest that, when different flow mechanisms become active, previously derived parameters may likely become invalid.

	Protozoa Efficiently Eats Bacteria in Sand Filters

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Bacteria are efficiently removed from wastewater using biological sand filters. Bomo et al. (1041–1047) studied the importance of protozoan grazing as a biological removal mechanism and found numbers of protozoa correlated significantly with bacterial removal performance of the sand filters. Treating sand filters with a protozoan inhibitor showed that significantly higher bacterial concentrations were observed in effluents from treated filters compared with nontreated filters. Protozoan grazing plays an important role as a bacterial removal mechanism in sand infiltration systems.

	Improved Water Quality from Diet and Manure Management

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Phosphorus losses from animal manure impair water quality. Dietary modification can be used to increase the bioavailability of P in grains, thereby reducing the need for P supplementation. Aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) added to manure has been shown to reduce P solubility in manure and runoff P. Smith et al. (1048–1054) compared the impacts of dietary modification with phytase and addition of AlCl₃ to manure on P in manure and runoff. Soluble P in manure was reduced by 17% with dietary phytase and 73% with AlCl₃ added to manure. A 53% reduction was noted when comparing runoff resulting from the AlCl₃ treatment with normal manure. When both dietary phytase and AlCl₃ were used together, P reductions in manure and runoff were greater than if either were used alone. Results indicate that combinations of best management practices should be considered to reduce P loads, particularly in environmentally sensitive watersheds.

	Hybrid Poplar Growth is Enhanced with By-Products

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Little research has been conducted in the Lake States (Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan) to evaluate the effects of municipal and industrial by-product applications on early growth of short-rotation, woody crops such as hybrid poplar. Anticipated shortages of harvestable-age aspen in the next decade can be alleviated, and rural development can be enhanced, through the application of by-products to forest soils. Cavaleri et al. (p. 1055–1061) found that inorganic fertilizer, boiler ash, biosolids, and the co-application of ash and biosolids enhanced biomass production of individual trees. A trend of increased biomass with increasing rates of biosolids was observed. None of the by-products treatments resulted in plant tissue metal concentrations greater than metal concentrations of plant tissue amended with inorganic amendments. Biosolids, boiler ash, and the co-application of biosolids and boiler ash on forest soils were as beneficial to plant growth as inorganic fertilizers.

	Phosphorus Forms in Organic Amendments

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The knowledge of forms of P in organic amendments can be useful in evaluating the potential environmental impact of P in these amendments. Ajiboye et al. (1062–1069) report that P in biosolids was mainly in a recalcitrant form, more soluble in strong extractant than mild ones. However, P in hog and cattle manures was mainly in labile form that was soluble in mild extractants like water and sodium bicarbonate. The fact that a higher proportion of P in biosolids was soluble in strong extractants like sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid suggests that biosolids P may be less vulnerable to runoff loss compared with manures when applied to agricultural lands. Results also show that oven-drying caused the transformation from one form to another; as such, caution should be exercised in using this pretreatment for manure P studies.

	Manure Application and Phosphorus Leaching

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Leaching losses of P from liquid manure applications are of concern when artificial drainage systems allow for hydrologic shortcuts to surface waters. van Es et al. (1070–1080) looked at P leaching under maize and grass and found that soil types vary greatly in their P leaching potential. Clay loam soils had much higher losses (39x) than loamy sands, and they averaged well above the USEPA level of concern. Phosphorus leaching losses also varied among application seasons on the clay loam soil, with highest losses generally measured for early fall. Leaching patterns suggest that preferential flow is the main transport mechanism for manure P in fine-textured soils, while loamy sands show no problem with P leaching as long as soil P levels remain below the saturation point.

	Issues in Industrial Waste Treatment

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Woolscouring (wool washing) is a highly polluting industry and considerable research has been conducted on the development of effluent treatment systems. Kroening et al. (1081–1087) found that the first stage of the current system, a chemical flocculation process to remove solids (including soil and wool grease) from the wastewater, creates a sludge of variable composition and biodegradability, as assessed by net N mineralization. With the intention for the sludge to be composted, this variability may have implications for the production of a consistent material from industrial sources. While grease content may retard decomposition of the sludge, the polyacrylamide flocculant used in its production and its pesticide content had no effect on rate of decomposition. Components of industrial wastes need to be assessed individually to assess their impact on decomposition processes, which may contribute to the rationalization of in-house treatments. New technology designed to partition more material from the effluent into the sludge phase may affect the quality of the sludge produced.

	Runoff from a Beef Cattle Feedlot in Southern Alberta

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Southern Alberta, which has a cold climate dominated by strong chinook winds, has the highest density of feedlot cattle in Canada. However, the quantity and quality of runoff from beef cattle feedlots in this unique region have not been investigated. Miller et al. (1088–1097) report that runoff volume during their study was less than the recommended design criteria for catch basins in Alberta. Curve numbers between 52 and 96 (mode of 90) were required to match the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service predicted runoff and actual runoff volumes. Total P posed the greatest threat to water quality guidelines, and K posed the greatest threat for exceeding crop fertilizer requirements if catch-basin effluent was used as irrigation water. Water in the catch basin had continually high populations of E. coli throughout the study. In contrast, soil in the catch basin generally had low populations of E. coli, but at times higher populations were also present.

	In Situ Measurement of Nitrogen Mineralization

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A number of in situ incubation methods are available for measuring the amount of N mineralized from land-applied wastes. However, it is not known if the different methods provide comparable N mineralization data. Hanselman et al. (1098–1105) report on a new type of in situ incubation device and compare the new method with three other in situ techniques and a conventional laboratory incubation method. All of the in situ incubation methods provided reasonable estimates of short-term (45 d) N mineralization. However, long-term (>45 d) mineralization data were not accurate due to a variety of problems, specific to each technique. The new in situ incubation device tracked field soil water content better than all other in situ methods evaluated. With further refinement and validation, the new method may be useful for measuring N mineralization rates of organic soil amendments.

	Spreading Pig Manure: What Matters?

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Water quality concerns and revised regulations are changing how confined animal feeding operations manage manure. Lory et al. (1106–1113) used a mechanistic model to characterize the manure management practices on 39 swine operations (20 unagitated lagoon and 19 slurry operations) in five states (Iowa, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania). Significant factors affecting manure management included operation size, manure handling system, state, and ownership structure. Larger operations had lower manure management costs. Manure value potentially exceeded manure application costs on 58% of slurry and 15% of lagoon operations. But 38% of slurry operations needed to apply manure off the farm whereas all lagoon operations had sufficient land for N-based manure management. Manure management was a higher percentage of gross income on contract operations compared with independents. This research emphasized the importance of site-specific factors on manure management decisions on U.S. swine operations.

	Are Phosphorus Limits Feasible?

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Concerns about manure P and water quality have prompted new regulations imposing P limits on land application of manure. Lory et al. (1114–1123) collected information on manure management practices on 39 swine operations (20 unagitated lagoon and 19 slurry operations) in five states (Iowa, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania). A mechanistic model was used to characterize the impact of two P strategies: annual and rotation P limits. Phosphorus limits had substantially greater effect on slurry operations, increasing land needs 250% and time for manure application 24% for rotation P limits and 41% for annual P limits. Phosphorus limits increased potential manure value but would require slurry operations to recover at least 61% of manure value through manure sales. Implementation of rotation P limits (not to exceed crop N need) to minimize time effects would allow most farmers to use their current manure application methods and manure to fulfill crop N and P needs in the year of application.

	Constructed, Agricultural Wetland Retains Phosphorus

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Phosphorus in surface runoff water may cause eutrophication of recipient water. Constructed wetlands are promising tools to decrease P loading from diffuse sources such as agriculture. Liikanen et al. (1124–1132) found that a wetland constructed on a former mineral agricultural soil efficiently retained P transported in runoff water in soluble and particulate form. The peeling of surface soil rich in P before construction of the wetland was essential to achieve a good P retention. Fine-textured, mineral subsoil of the former agricultural land, the current bottom of the wetland, contained high amounts of Al and Fe oxides capable of binding soluble P. With careful planning and construction, agricultural soil turned from a source to a sink of P.

	Nitrate Removal in Riparian Wetlands

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Riparian wetlands containing springs are thought to be ineffective at removing nitrate because contact times between the upwelled ground water and underlying soils are short. Experiments in a riparian swale characteristic of New Zealand hill-country pasture by Rutherford and Nguyen (1133–1143) found that tracer reached the outlet more slowly than could be explained by surface flow, but more quickly than could be explained by seepage flow. During dry weather, 24 ± 9% of added NO₃–N was removed over a distance of 1.5 m. There was evidence of tracer diffusing vertically to a depth of at least 5 cm into the surface soil layer and the authors hypothesize that vertical diffusion substantially increases NO₃–N removal in this type of wetland. Riparian wetlands with springs and surface flows should not be dismissed as having low NO₃–N removal potential without checking whether there is significant vertical mixing.

	Salt Marshes Buffer Coastal Waters

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With increasing N loads from developed watersheds, salt marshes could play an important role in water quality maintenance of coastal waters. Wigand et al. (1144–1151) found a significant positive relationship between watershed N loadings and saltmeadow cordgrass [Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl.] denitrification enzyme activity in a bay-wide survey of marshes in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. These findings support the hypothesis that salt marshes may be important buffers between the terrestrial landscape and estuaries, preventing the movement of land-derived N into coastal waters. A significant negative relationship was also found between marsh denitrification enzyme activity and percent of hydric soils in the adjacent watershed, illustrating the importance of natural buffers within the terrestrial landscape.

	Undisturbed Soil-Water Flow Measurement

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It is difficult to accurately measure water drainage from undisturbed soil profiles. Masarik et al. (1152–1158) developed an improved control system for an equilibrium tension lysimeter that automatically adjusts the lysimeter vacuum to match the soil-water matric potential of the soil. The system also has the ability to quantify water flux with the testing of a device that continuously records water level inside the lysimeter. The automated control system was tested in the field over a 12-mo period and responded well to changes in environmental conditions. This advancement in technology represents a highly effective way to measure water flux and solute leaching, and makes possible detailed temporal resolution of water drainage in the vadose zone.

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