HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Related articles in JEQ Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Search for Related Content

EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Lack of Aquatic Field Data on Pesticides

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

	Ammonia Emissions from Swine Houses

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Ammonia (NH₃) from confined animal production is emitted from several sources including animal waste ponds, field application for recycling and disposal, and confinement houses. Although lagoon and field application emissions have been found to emit less NH₃ than previously thought, emissions from animal houses have not been comprehensively evaluated. Harper et al. (449–457) evaluated NH₃ emissions from swine production houses in the humid southeastern USA. Management and environmental variables were measured to determine their individual and combined effects on NH₃ emissions. For pigs produced for slaughter, summertime emission was 2.4 times higher per animal than in wintertime. For summertime, emission for slaughter animals was 7.8 times higher per animal than for producing animals. A treatment additive to the waste collection pit below the animals decreased emissions 25%. For slaughter animals, 7.4% of the animal feed was emitted as NH₃ from houses to the atmosphere. These emission results will provide the industry and environmental organizations more-representative information for design and planning.

	From Mud to Soil

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Sediment is filling the Peoria Lakes region of the Illinois River to such an extent that it has been reduced to mostly mud. Once diverse and productive ecosystems are now unstable, uninteresting mud flats. Dredging the river would solve the problem, but create another: What to do with the dredged sediments. An enormous volume of sediments, perhaps as much as 120 million cubic meters, would have to be disposed. Darmody et al. (458–464) wanted to see if sediments could serve as a topsoil substitute. This is an obvious solution because sediments are mostly soil that has washed into the river. However, along with soil, sediments can have contamination arising from urban, industrial, and agricultural pollution. In a greenhouse experiment, plants grew as well in sediments as in good quality topsoil. In addition, plant uptake of metal contaminants from the sediments was not at levels that would cause concern, indicating sediments could make a good topsoil substitute.

	The Dirt in Your Drinking Water

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Wetland restoration in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta may affect drinking water quality for more than 22 million people in California. Fleck et al. (465–475) report that the soils of a restored wetland in the delta release C compounds that form more carcinogenic byproducts when treated by drinking water facilities than C compounds released from comparable agricultural soils. However, some agricultural soils release greater amounts of C than the wetland soils. Factors that dominate creation of C compounds that form byproducts include the source of the C, the decomposition environment, and the extent of decomposition of source materials. Results raise questions about how to strike a balance between the benefits of wetland restoration in the delta and the need for safe drinking water for millions of people.

	Nitrate Increases in Shallow Aquifer

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Few studies have investigated changes in ground water quality in areas of manure application, or the potential effect of this discharge on surface water. Rodvang et al. (476–487) found that nitrate and chloride increased significantly between 1995 and 2001 in 16 piezometers installed in a shallow sand aquifer on or adjacent to irrigated and manured fields in southern Alberta, Canada. Average NO^–₃–N increased from 12.5 to 17.4 mg L^–1 and average Cl^– increased from 19.4 to 34.4 mg L^–1. Projections suggest ground water discharge will eventually cause nitrate and chloride to increase by factors of at least 4.3 and 1.3, respectively, in the Oldman River. Ground water in shallow till and fine lacustrine sediments is also vulnerable to contamination, but water isotopes suggest that ground water below about 6 m in the fine-textured sediments has low vulnerability to contamination.

	Mobility of Sulfate in Forest Soils

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Selim et al. (488–495) evaluated the transport of sulfate in soil columns from the upper three horizons (E, Bs, and BC) from the Gårdsjön catchments, Sweden. Columns were leached using sequential leaching where sulfate concentration in the effluent was measured from individual horizons. The sulfate breakthrough results were well-described when sulfate reactivity was accounted for based on nonlinear equilibrium or first-order kinetic processes. It was concluded that sulfate retention during transport in this forest soil is most likely controlled by kinetic reactivity of SO₄ of the reversible and irreversible mechanisms.

	Biosolids and a Pinch of Salt

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
The effect of chloride in soil solution on plant availability of biosolid-borne Cd was investigated by Weggler et al. (496–504). In biosolid-amended soils, Cd concentration in soil solution and plant shoots increased as chloride concentration in soil solution increased. Chloro-complexation of Cd enhanced phytoavailability of biosolid-borne Cd. Although Cd phytoavailability was affected by chloride anions across biosolid application rates, there was a nonlinear increase in plant uptake and solubility of Cd in biosolid-amended soils. Highest plant Cd was at the medium biosolid application rates with higher rates producing lower plant Cd uptake and lower Cd solubility in soil. Regulations concerned with application of biosolids to agricultural land should consider the effect of increased phytoavailability of biosolid-borne Cd in chloride-affected soils.

	Time and Moisture Effects on Copper in Soil

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Environmental risk assessment of Cu in soil frequently involves testing of freshly spiked soils kept under stable humidity conditions, which is not representative of variable field conditions. Tom-Petersen et al. (505–512) report a time-dependent decrease of total Cu content in soil water extracts after Cu amendments to soil samples. However, biological availability of Cu in the water extracts to a bacterial reporter strain increased with time. Furthermore, both total Cu and biologically available Cu in soil water extracts were highly influenced by soil moisture conditions. Results underline the need for considering time and moisture effects in short-term ecotoxicology studies and when addressing long-term effects of Cu in the soil environment.

	An In Vitro Gastrointestinal Method to Estimate Relative Bioavailable Lead

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Effect of the dosing vehicle (e.g., dough) on the ability of an in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) method to predict relative bioavailable Pb associated with soil ingestion was evaluated by Schroder et al. (513–521). Although dosing vehicle decreased bioaccessible Pb, the IVG method was correlated with bioavailable Pb in contaminated soils as measured by in vivo pig dosing trials. Because in vitro methods are inexpensive, they can be used to analyze large numbers of soil samples and provide an estimate of the variability in bioavailable Pb at a single study site. In addition to Pb, previous studies show the IVG method has ability to provide an estimate of bioavailable As and Cd.

	Treatments to Reduce Bioavailability of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Joplin, Missouri is the center of the Tri-State mining district where Pb and Zn were mined for 100 years. As a result, soils in the area have elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd, and much of the town has been placed on USEPA's National Priorities List as part of the Superfund program. Soil amendments, including different forms of P, a high-Fe material, and biosolids compost were added to the soils in both laboratory and field by Brown et al. (522–531). Amendments reduced availability of Pb, as measured by in vivo and in vitro tests. Plant uptake of metals was also reduced as a result of amendment addition. Reductions, observed across all measured endpoints, were not consistent across all measured endpoints. Results suggest it is possible to reduce the bioavailability of metals in soils with in situ amendments.

	Predicting Cadmium Concentration in Cereals

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Entry of Cd into the food chain is of concern as it can cause chronic health problems. The European Union (EU) recently introduced legislation defining the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of Cd in foodstuffs. Adams et al. (532–541) investigated the relationship between soil properties and the concentration of Cd in wheat and barley grain collected from paired soil and crop surveys and from two long-term sewage sludge experiments in Britain. Cadmium concentration was much lower in barley grain than in wheat grain under comparable soil conditions. Wheat grain Cd concentration could be predicted reasonably well from soil total Cd and pH, with 53% of the variance being accounted for. The model can be used to predict the likelihood of wheat grain Cd exceeding the EU MPC under different soil conditions, particularly in relation to the existing Directive and the proposed new EU Directive on land application of sewage sludge.

	"Waste" Compost is Safe for Chard and Basil

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Recently, production of source-separated municipal solid waste (SSMSW) compost around the world increased dramatically. A concern with application of industrial composts to agricultural crops has been the high concentration of some toxic elements. Zheljazkov and Warman (542–552) evaluated locally produced waste compost as soil conditioner for agricultural crops. Swiss chard or basil plants were grown in pots containing compost mixtures of either 0, 20, 40, or 60% soil to compost. Positive effects of compost application were improved soil properties and crop yields, as well as earlier flowering basil plants. "Suspected" elements of concern (Cu, Pb, Mo, and Zn) were not transferred into basil oil or chard edible parts. It was concluded that mature SSMSW compost could be used as soil conditioner without negative effects on agricultural crops and without increasing the normal range of Cu, Pb, and Zn in edible produce.

	Plant-Available Zinc and Lead in Mine Spoils and Soils

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Zinc and lead in abandoned mine spoil could be available for plant uptake long after mining has ceased. In a study of spoil at the 19th century Mines of Spain in Iowa (USA), Mbila and Thompson (553–558) found that concentrations of Zn and Pb were 10- to 20-fold greater in mine spoil than in nearby undisturbed soils. Native plants (aniseroot and black snakeroot) growing in the mine spoil had Zn concentrations two to four times greater and Pb concentrations more than 26 times greater than did plants growing in the undisturbed soils. Most of the Zn and Pb in both undisturbed and mine spoil samples was associated with sesquioxides or acid insoluble minerals. Although the mine spoil contained large amounts of phosphate minerals that might have immobilized the metals, Zn and Pb were available for uptake by the two plant species in amounts roughly proportional to metal concentrations in the spoil.

	Fate of Elemental Selenium

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Understanding the fate of newly formed colloidal–particulate elemental Se in aquatic systems is very important in Se biogeochemical cycling and bioremediation of Se-contaminated water. Zhang and Frankenberger (559–564) found that newly formed colloidal–particulate elemental Se followed two removal pathways in aquatic systems: (i) flocculation-sedimentation to the bottom of the water and (ii) oxidation to selenite and selenate. The study suggests that colloidal elemental Se could be partially reoxidized to selenite if it moved into the water column from the anoxic bottom sediment by disturbance and the newly formed elemental Se may be an available form of Se for uptake by organisms if it flows to aquatic systems from a treatment site.

	Turf Practices in North Carolina

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
A fertilizer, water, and pesticide use survey was conducted door-to-door by Osmond and Hardy (565–575) in five North Carolina communities. Nitrogen fertilizer rates were more appropriate for cool-season grasses than warm-season grasses. One reason for overapplication of N fertilizer to warm-season grasses was related to the lack of availability of appropriate fertilizer types (analyses). Timing of fertilizer applications did not coincide with seasonal N needs, particularly in the warm-season grasses. A vigorous educational program needs to be conducted to better train homeowners in the appropriate use of fertilizers.

	Watershed Development, Nutrient Loading, and Eutrophication

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Upland development of small forested watersheds causes dramatic increases in sediment deposition and changes in trophic structure of downstream ecosystems. Pensa and Chambers (576–580) report on the correlation between nutrient input to a small man-made lake in Virginia and its transition to a eutrophic state. They found higher biogenic silica and P concentrations in lake sediments receiving runoff from more developed upland watersheds. High biogenic silica concentrations were used as proxy for increased diatom production typical of eutrophic lakes. The level of P in lake sediments was more closely correlated with Fe than with C, suggesting mineral control of P availability. Measurement of nutrients in stream-derived lake sediment is a practical method for targeting watershed areas in need of better management to slow eutrophication from nutrient runoff.

	Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits Freundlich

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving...