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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Lack of Aquatic Field Data on Pesticides

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

	Ammonia Emissions from Swine Houses

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Ammonia (NH₃) from confined animal production is emitted from several sources including animal waste ponds, field application for recycling and disposal, and confinement houses. Although lagoon and field application emissions have been found to emit less NH₃ than previously thought, emissions from animal houses have not been comprehensively evaluated. Harper et al. (449–457) evaluated NH₃ emissions from swine production houses in the humid southeastern USA. Management and environmental variables were measured to determine their individual and combined effects on NH₃ emissions. For pigs produced for slaughter, summertime emission was 2.4 times higher per animal than in wintertime. For summertime, emission for slaughter animals was 7.8 times higher per animal than for producing animals. A treatment additive to the waste collection pit below the animals decreased emissions 25%. For slaughter animals, 7.4% of the animal feed was emitted as NH₃ from houses to the atmosphere. These emission results will provide the industry and environmental organizations more-representative information for design and planning.

	From Mud to Soil

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Sediment is filling the Peoria Lakes region of the Illinois River to such an extent that it has been reduced to mostly mud. Once diverse and productive ecosystems are now unstable, uninteresting mud flats. Dredging the river would solve the problem, but create another: What to do with the dredged sediments. An enormous volume of sediments, perhaps as much as 120 million cubic meters, would have to be disposed. Darmody et al. (458–464) wanted to see if sediments could serve as a topsoil substitute. This is an obvious solution because sediments are mostly soil that has washed into the river. However, along with soil, sediments can have contamination arising from urban, industrial, and agricultural pollution. In a greenhouse experiment, plants grew as well in sediments as in good quality topsoil. In addition, plant uptake of metal contaminants from the sediments was not at levels that would cause concern, indicating sediments could make a good topsoil substitute.

	The Dirt in Your Drinking Water

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Wetland restoration in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta may affect drinking water quality for more than 22 million people in California. Fleck et al. (465–475) report that the soils of a restored wetland in the delta release C compounds that form more carcinogenic byproducts when treated by drinking water facilities than C compounds released from comparable agricultural soils. However, some agricultural soils release greater amounts of C than the wetland soils. Factors that dominate creation of C compounds that form byproducts include the source of the C, the decomposition environment, and the extent of decomposition of source materials. Results raise questions about how to strike a balance between the benefits of wetland restoration in the delta and the need for safe drinking water for millions of people.

	Nitrate Increases in Shallow Aquifer

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Few studies have investigated changes in ground water quality in areas of manure application, or the potential effect of this discharge on surface water. Rodvang et al. (476–487) found that nitrate and chloride increased significantly between 1995 and 2001 in 16 piezometers installed in a shallow sand aquifer on or adjacent to irrigated and manured fields in southern Alberta, Canada. Average NO^–₃–N increased from 12.5 to 17.4 mg L^–1 and average Cl^– increased from 19.4 to 34.4 mg L^–1. Projections suggest ground water discharge will eventually cause nitrate and chloride to increase by factors of at least 4.3 and 1.3, respectively, in the Oldman River. Ground water in shallow till and fine lacustrine sediments is also vulnerable to contamination, but water isotopes suggest that ground water below about 6 m in the fine-textured sediments has low vulnerability to contamination.

	Mobility of Sulfate in Forest Soils

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Selim et al. (488–495) evaluated the transport of sulfate in soil columns from the upper three horizons (E, Bs, and BC) from the Gårdsjön catchments, Sweden. Columns were leached using sequential leaching where sulfate concentration in the effluent was measured from individual horizons. The sulfate breakthrough results were well-described when sulfate reactivity was accounted for based on nonlinear equilibrium or first-order kinetic processes. It was concluded that sulfate retention during transport in this forest soil is most likely controlled by kinetic reactivity of SO₄ of the reversible and irreversible mechanisms.

	Biosolids and a Pinch of Salt

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
The effect of chloride in soil solution on plant availability of biosolid-borne Cd was investigated by Weggler et al. (496–504). In biosolid-amended soils, Cd concentration in soil solution and plant shoots increased as chloride concentration in soil solution increased. Chloro-complexation of Cd enhanced phytoavailability of biosolid-borne Cd. Although Cd phytoavailability was affected by chloride anions across biosolid application rates, there was a nonlinear increase in plant uptake and solubility of Cd in biosolid-amended soils. Highest plant Cd was at the medium biosolid application rates with higher rates producing lower plant Cd uptake and lower Cd solubility in soil. Regulations concerned with application of biosolids to agricultural land should consider the effect of increased phytoavailability of biosolid-borne Cd in chloride-affected soils.

	Time and Moisture Effects on Copper in Soil

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Environmental risk assessment of Cu in soil frequently involves testing of freshly spiked soils kept under stable humidity conditions, which is not representative of variable field conditions. Tom-Petersen et al. (505–512) report a time-dependent decrease of total Cu content in soil water extracts after Cu amendments to soil samples. However, biological availability of Cu in the water extracts to a bacterial reporter strain increased with time. Furthermore, both total Cu and biologically available Cu in soil water extracts were highly influenced by soil moisture conditions. Results underline the need for considering time and moisture effects in short-term ecotoxicology studies and when addressing long-term effects of Cu in the soil environment.

	An In Vitro Gastrointestinal Method to Estimate Relative Bioavailable Lead

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Effect of the dosing vehicle (e.g., dough) on the ability of an in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) method to predict relative bioavailable Pb associated with soil ingestion was evaluated by Schroder et al. (513–521). Although dosing vehicle decreased bioaccessible Pb, the IVG method was correlated with bioavailable Pb in contaminated soils as measured by in vivo pig dosing trials. Because in vitro methods are inexpensive, they can be used to analyze large numbers of soil samples and provide an estimate of the variability in bioavailable Pb at a single study site. In addition to Pb, previous studies show the IVG method has ability to provide an estimate of bioavailable As and Cd.

	Treatments to Reduce Bioavailability of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Joplin, Missouri is the center of the Tri-State mining district where Pb and Zn were mined for 100 years. As a result, soils in the area have elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd, and much of the town has been placed on USEPA's National Priorities List as part of the Superfund program. Soil amendments, including different forms of P, a high-Fe material, and biosolids compost were added to the soils in both laboratory and field by Brown et al. (522–531). Amendments reduced availability of Pb, as measured by in vivo and in vitro tests. Plant uptake of metals was also reduced as a result of amendment addition. Reductions, observed across all measured endpoints, were not consistent across all measured endpoints. Results suggest it is possible to reduce the bioavailability of metals in soils with in situ amendments.

	Predicting Cadmium Concentration in Cereals

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Entry of Cd into the food chain is of concern as it can cause chronic health problems. The European Union (EU) recently introduced legislation defining the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of Cd in foodstuffs. Adams et al. (532–541) investigated the relationship between soil properties and the concentration of Cd in wheat and barley grain collected from paired soil and crop surveys and from two long-term sewage sludge experiments in Britain. Cadmium concentration was much lower in barley grain than in wheat grain under comparable soil conditions. Wheat grain Cd concentration could be predicted reasonably well from soil total Cd and pH, with 53% of the variance being accounted for. The model can be used to predict the likelihood of wheat grain Cd exceeding the EU MPC under different soil conditions, particularly in relation to the existing Directive and the proposed new EU Directive on land application of sewage sludge.

	"Waste" Compost is Safe for Chard and Basil

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Recently, production of source-separated municipal solid waste (SSMSW) compost around the world increased dramatically. A concern with application of industrial composts to agricultural crops has been the high concentration of some toxic elements. Zheljazkov and Warman (542–552) evaluated locally produced waste compost as soil conditioner for agricultural crops. Swiss chard or basil plants were grown in pots containing compost mixtures of either 0, 20, 40, or 60% soil to compost. Positive effects of compost application were improved soil properties and crop yields, as well as earlier flowering basil plants. "Suspected" elements of concern (Cu, Pb, Mo, and Zn) were not transferred into basil oil or chard edible parts. It was concluded that mature SSMSW compost could be used as soil conditioner without negative effects on agricultural crops and without increasing the normal range of Cu, Pb, and Zn in edible produce.

	Plant-Available Zinc and Lead in Mine Spoils and Soils

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Zinc and lead in abandoned mine spoil could be available for plant uptake long after mining has ceased. In a study of spoil at the 19th century Mines of Spain in Iowa (USA), Mbila and Thompson (553–558) found that concentrations of Zn and Pb were 10- to 20-fold greater in mine spoil than in nearby undisturbed soils. Native plants (aniseroot and black snakeroot) growing in the mine spoil had Zn concentrations two to four times greater and Pb concentrations more than 26 times greater than did plants growing in the undisturbed soils. Most of the Zn and Pb in both undisturbed and mine spoil samples was associated with sesquioxides or acid insoluble minerals. Although the mine spoil contained large amounts of phosphate minerals that might have immobilized the metals, Zn and Pb were available for uptake by the two plant species in amounts roughly proportional to metal concentrations in the spoil.

	Fate of Elemental Selenium

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Understanding the fate of newly formed colloidal–particulate elemental Se in aquatic systems is very important in Se biogeochemical cycling and bioremediation of Se-contaminated water. Zhang and Frankenberger (559–564) found that newly formed colloidal–particulate elemental Se followed two removal pathways in aquatic systems: (i) flocculation-sedimentation to the bottom of the water and (ii) oxidation to selenite and selenate. The study suggests that colloidal elemental Se could be partially reoxidized to selenite if it moved into the water column from the anoxic bottom sediment by disturbance and the newly formed elemental Se may be an available form of Se for uptake by organisms if it flows to aquatic systems from a treatment site.

	Turf Practices in North Carolina

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
A fertilizer, water, and pesticide use survey was conducted door-to-door by Osmond and Hardy (565–575) in five North Carolina communities. Nitrogen fertilizer rates were more appropriate for cool-season grasses than warm-season grasses. One reason for overapplication of N fertilizer to warm-season grasses was related to the lack of availability of appropriate fertilizer types (analyses). Timing of fertilizer applications did not coincide with seasonal N needs, particularly in the warm-season grasses. A vigorous educational program needs to be conducted to better train homeowners in the appropriate use of fertilizers.

	Watershed Development, Nutrient Loading, and Eutrophication

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Upland development of small forested watersheds causes dramatic increases in sediment deposition and changes in trophic structure of downstream ecosystems. Pensa and Chambers (576–580) report on the correlation between nutrient input to a small man-made lake in Virginia and its transition to a eutrophic state. They found higher biogenic silica and P concentrations in lake sediments receiving runoff from more developed upland watersheds. High biogenic silica concentrations were used as proxy for increased diatom production typical of eutrophic lakes. The level of P in lake sediments was more closely correlated with Fe than with C, suggesting mineral control of P availability. Measurement of nutrients in stream-derived lake sediment is a practical method for targeting watershed areas in need of better management to slow eutrophication from nutrient runoff.

	Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits Freundlich

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A thin-disc flow nonequilibrium method may be helpful in understanding herbicide–soil interactions. Smith et al. (581–593) found that imazaquin readily leached from treated soil but the magnitude of leaching decreased with increasing incubation time. Elovich and Freundlich kinetics accounted for 98% of the variance observed in imazaquin desorption curves. First-order and diffusion kinetics accounted for 91% of the variance. Incubating soil for 72 h before desorption reduced the rate of imazaquin desorption by about 12%, compared with the 24-h incubation treatment. Imazaquin desorption was unaffected by wash solution flow rate. Data suggest the kinetics of desorption in prolonged desorption events are limited by transport phenomena (i.e., particle and film diffusion).

	Herbicide Fate in the Patuxent River Estuary

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The environmental fate of herbicides in estuaries is poorly understood. McConnell et al. (594–604) used a physical transport model to interpret atrazine concentration in the context of estuarine water transport, giving estimates of in situ degradation rates and total transport. The estimated half-life of atrazine in the turbid, shallow upper estuary was t_1/2 = 20 d, but was much longer (t_1/2 = 100 d) in the deeper lower estuary. Atrazine persistence in the estuary is directly related to river flows into the estuary. Low flows will increase atrazine residence time in the upper estuary and increase degradation losses.

	Photodegradation Competes with Retention for Oxyfluorfen

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Direct absorption of light and photolysis of organic contaminants may be influenced by soil retention related to the content of colloidal materials. Scrano et al. (605–611) report that organic matter content significantly affected the photodegradation rate of the herbicide oxyfluorfen retained onto two soils. In both soils, retention of herbicide was reinforcing in time, as herbicide molecules were trying for the best arrangement into the sorption sites. At the end of the experiment, a similar net loss of herbicide due to sunlight exposure was calculated for the two soils. The authors show that photochemical reactivity is relatively more effective in the processes of global dissipation of oxyfluorfen from the more organic soil, and speculate that soil organic matter, retaining the herbicide by a mechanism of solubilization and repartition, becomes a sort of reservoir that can supply herbicide photolysis with retained molecules. In both soils, they identify the same photodegradation products, showing that the photolysis pathway of oxyfluorfen is independent of retention process.

	1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis in Water and Soil

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Hydrolysis is the major pathway for fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) degradation in the environment, yet the process is not well understood. Guo et al. (612–618) investigated the effect of various environmental factors on the rate of 1,3-D hydrolysis in water and soil. The hydrolysis of 1,3-D in water was pH dependent, with low pH inhibiting and high pH favoring the reaction. Other factors such as photo irradiation, suspended particles, and co-solutes had little effect on the reaction. In soil, the hydrolysis rate constant increased with soil moisture content and decreased with initial 1,3-D concentration. Organic matter promoted 1,3-D degradation via direct substitution reactions. To accelerate 1,3-D degradation, pH, soil moisture, and organic amendment should be considered.

	Leaching of Metribuzin Residues to Ground Water

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Two degradation products from the pesticide metribuzin are found in Danish shallow ground water in concentrations exceeding the allowed limit. Henriksen et al. (619–627) found that the higher mobility of these two degradation products in soil compared with the original herbicide was the primary reason for leaching of these compounds. In the experiments, three metabolites were formed from degradation of metribuzin, and were present simultaneously with metribuzin in the topsoil. However, metribuzin and the third metabolite displayed the strongest sorption, especially in the presence of all the compounds together. This explains why only the two other degradation products were exposed to leaching from the upper soil layers. The experiments show that properties of the pesticide degradation products need to be included when the risk of pesticide leaching is evaluated.

	Plant Growth in an Extremely Acid Environment

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In the Lusatian lignite mining district (eastern Germany), extremely acid lakes with high concentrations of dissolved Fe, Al, and Mn developed during ground water rising after exploitation of lignite in open-cast mines. Despite hostile conditions, the lignite and pyrite containing sediments in the littoral area of some lakes exhibiting moderate pH are colonized by a pioneer plant, bulbous rush (Juncus bulbosus L.), whereas others remain extremely acid and unvegetated. Chabbi and Rumpel (628–636) demonstrated that airborne fly ash was deposited on the lake sediments and led to amelioration of conditions for plant growth by increasing the pH values and the amount of silt-sized particles. This study confirms that fly ash is an important source of alkalinity in the upper 0 to 5 cm of the sediment that enhanced plant growth and led to enrichment of the sediment with organic matter derived from plant material.

	Nitrate Leaching under Grazed Grassland

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Nitrogen leaching under grassland as affected by cattle urine and N fertilization was studied in a lysimeter experiment by Decau et al. (637–644). When tested in combination, N applied to grassland as urine resulted the following winter in three times the total N loss that occurred from N fertilization. Direct loss of urinary N significantly depended on the season of urine deposition. However, no long-term effect of urine deposition was observed in the second winter leaching period.

	Fertilizer Source Effect on Water Quality

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Nutrients in surface and ground water can affect human and aquatic organisms that rely on water for consumption and habitat. A mass-balance, 2-yr field study was conducted by Easton and Petrovic (645–655) to determine the effect of nutrient source on turfgrass runoff and leachate. They found that fertilizer source could influence runoff and leachate losses from turfgrass. Organic nutrient sources, such as composted manures, contain high P to N ratios, and as a result, application of turfgrass N need results in potential P overapplication and subsequent loss in runoff and leachate. More-soluble, synthetic–organic nutrient sources (such as urea) release N quickly, which can result in high nitrate levels in water. Consideration should be given to fertilizer source and rate when water bodies are in close proximity.

	Underground Mine Water Improving Over Time

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Acid mine drainage from abandoned underground mines is responsible for polluting many streams in coal mining areas. Demchak et al. (656–668) studied 44 underground mine discharges in West Virginia and found that 34 had significantly improved in quality during the past 30 years. Water quality of some mines recovered very quickly (exponentially), while quality in other mines improved at a more steady rate (linearly). Factors affecting rate of improvement are the degree of flooding and the flushing or movement of water within the mine, S content of the coal and associated rocks, and ever-changing physical conditions within the mine, such as roof subsidence and pillar collapse.

	Reducing Nitrate Losses from Agricultural Watersheds

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Nitrate leaching from crop production in the U.S. Corn Belt has led to serious surface water quality problems and contributed to the expansion of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. Jaynes et al. (669–677) report on a watershed scale study where they collaborated with eight farmers in adopting a split application N fertilizer program with the rate determined by a pre-sidedress soil test. By the end of the fourth year, nitrate concentrations in water leaving the watershed were reduced by about 30% compared with adjacent watersheds where farmers followed traditional N fertilizer practices. Corn yields were not significantly reduced within the treated watershed, but the pre-sidedress soil test did result in an overall reduction in N fertilizer applied. These findings will be of great interest to farmers and others interested in reducing agricultural effects on water quality while improving farm profitability.

	Phosphorus Leaching Influenced by Soil Type

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Increased P levels in arable soils may, according to literature, lead to an increased risk for P leaching. Djodjic et al. (678–684) present P leaching results from five soils with four different P levels of each soil. Historically, high applications of P fertilizer and thereby increased topsoil P content did not result in increased P leaching compared with treatments where no P or only P removed with the harvested crop was applied. Soil type and associated P source and transport properties were more important for P leaching than P content or P sorption saturation of the topsoil. The subsoil's P sorption characteristics and type of water transport through the profile had a clear influence on the fate of P released in the topsoil on its way downward in the soil profile.

	Modeling Soil Fumigation with Concentration–Time Exposure Index

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A concentration–time exposure index (CTEI) was developed by Wang et al. (685–694) to provide a continuous quantitative assessment of distribution uniformity and pest control efficacy of soil fumigants using mathematical model simulations. Pest control efficacy, measured by numerical values of CTEI, was compared for various management options with respect to soil type, field configuration, and application rate and depth. For soil fumigation by subsurface drip irrigation, the order of importance for management options to achieve high CTEI was soil type, depth of application and depth of treatment, dosage, and field configuration. Model simulation that generates CTEI as a numeric index can be used as an effective alternative to help make management decisions in soil fumigation.

	Valuable Commercial Plants in Hydroponic Systems to Treat Domestic Wastewaters

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Vaillant et al. (695–702) evaluated the effectiveness of wooly digitalis (Digitalis lanata Ehrh.) and foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.) for sewage purification using the nutrient film technique (NFT), investigating the possibility of introducing valuable commercial species into the primary treatment system. Wastewater seemed to provide the necessary elements for foxglove growth and normal photosynthetic activity. For wooly digitalis growth, wastewater resulted in premature death of plants, but no difference was observed in wastewater purification efficacy. The NFT system with Digitalis spp. can strongly reduce the total organic load. The legal discharge levels for total suspended solid, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand were reached for the two plants after 48 h of wastewater treatment, with removal at 82, 93, and 79%, respectively, for wooly digitalis and 92, 92, and 84%, respectively, for foxglove.

	Phytoavailability of Biosolids Phosphorus

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Greenhouse data were used by O'Connor et al. (703–712) to categorize the relative phytoavailabilities of P in 12 biosolids of various types. Biosolids were grouped into three broad categories of phytoavailability relative to TSP fertilizer: high (>75% of TSP), moderate (25–75% of TSP), and low (<25% of TSP). Most biosolids produced by conventional wastewater treatment and solids digestion processes were in the moderate category, with average relative phytoavailabilities reasonably approximated by current U.S. (USEPA) and Canadian (Ministry of Environment and Energy) regulators. Two biosolids, produced by biological P removal processes, mimicked fertilizer P with regard to phytoavailability and were in the high category. Biosolids that contained greater than normal total Fe and Al concentrations and had been processed to high solids content (pelletized) were in the low category.

	Recirculating Sand Filters for Dairy Parlor Washings

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Land-spreading and spray irrigation are the most widely used practices for disposal of dairy wastewaters in Ireland. These processes are laborious and time consuming, and may lead to eutrophication due to runoff and leaching. Healy et al. (713–718) investigated use of recirculating intermittent sand filters as an alternative treatment method for dairy parlor wastewaters. Measurements conducted over a 170-d duration on a 0.9-m stratified recirculating sand filter column loaded with synthetic dairy parlor effluent showed that it reduced total N in the wastewater by 83.2%, and organic (COD) and SS matter by >99%. Recirculating sand filters appear to offer an effective and sustainable treatment process for removal of organic C and N from high-strength wastewaters.

	Manure Nitrogen Availability Estimates

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Traditional methods of estimating N credits from manure are relatively simple, but results are widely variable. Muñoz et al. (719–727) compared indirect methods of estimating manure N credits with results obtained by using manure labeled with the stable (non-radioactive) isotope ¹⁵N in a field experiment using corn. Crop recovery of ¹⁵N from the manure was very consistent, but only about half of the apparent availability estimated using methods such as fertilizer equivalence or N uptake relative effectiveness. Because the latter methods include consideration of the relative efficiency of fertilizer-derived nutrient use by plants, these values more accurately represent a manure N credit or fertilizer N replacement value. Use of ¹⁵N-labeled manure, although more costly and time consuming, provided more consistent and reliable results of measured uptake. Paired with plant recovery of ¹⁵N fertilizer, this technique can substantially improve manure N credit estimates.

	Grassland Captures Poultry Litter Phosphorus

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Poultry litter and dairy wastewater can supply N to perennial grasslands, but high rates provide far more P than grasses use. The excess P can exceed soil storage capacity and contribute to downward movement of P through coarse-textured soils and subsurface drainage. Johnson et al. (735–739) sampled a loamy sand to the 180-cm depth after annual N applications up to 1000 kg ha^–1, which included P rates up to 590 kg ha^–1, on grassland over a four-year period. The highest N rate in poultry litter supplied 15 times more P than was removed in forage. Recovery of 64% of P from the highest poultry rate as extractable soil P within soil depths to 120 cm indicated that leaching occurred. Environmental measures are needed to quantify excess P in soil and predict potential losses through leaching and subsurface drainage to surface waters.

	Coal Ashes and Organic Waste Grow Turfgrass Sod

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Use of artificial growth media, compared with mineral soils, often accelerates rate of turfgrass sod production. Utilization of societal waste products as sod growth media is cost efficient, but is there an environmental risk? Abiding by Part 503 rules, Schlossberg et al. (740–748) found beneficial use in land application of coal ashes and anaerobic digested sewage sludge when establishing bermudagrass sod. Few viable pathogens (E. coli) were detected in growth media within two months of application, and none were detected after three months. With minimal fertilizer inputs, sod was harvested four months after planting, about 30% faster than the current industry average. Following typical installation, the experimental sod products were indistinguishable from conventionally produced sod. Leaf clippings did not accumulate metals, posing little risk to maintenance personnel or recreational users of the established lawn.

	Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff from Manures is Simple

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Phosphorus loss from agricultural soils contributes to freshwater eutrophication. Simulation models can identify areas where P loss can be high, but poorly simulate P loss from manures on the soil surface. Vadas et al. (749–756) developed a simple approach to predict P loss from manures based on lab experiments of P release from manures to water with different water to manure ratios. The approach gave good prediction of P release from manures and composts leached by simulated rain, but poor prediction of P in runoff from soils where manures were applied. Adjusting predictions for the effect of the ratio of runoff to rainfall and the immediate infiltration of P in manure slurry water drastically improved predictions of P loss in runoff. The simple approach therefore has a strong ability to improve simulation models.

	Phosphorus Compounds in Manures

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Phosphorus compounds in animal manures threaten environmental quality when they wash off agricultural land into streams and lakes. However, there is little information on such compounds, because they are difficult to measure using standard procedures. Turner (757–766) reports on an optimized procedure for characterizing P compounds in animal manures using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Its advantages include the ability to determine all compounds in a single analysis and to accurately quantify phytic acid, the most abundant P compound in most manures. This improved procedure will facilitate research on manure P compounds and their fate in the environment.

	Logyard Fines—Prospects for Soil Remediation

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Instead of burning and landfilling, better utilization of the smaller size fractions of woody wastes from log handling and sawmilling is needed. To assess possibilities for soil remediation, Preston and Forrester (767–777) characterized logyard fines (up to 16 mm). Their C, N, ash, and tannin concentrations, and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were as expected for slightly decomposed wood mixed with some bark and mineral soil, similar to natural woody forest floor. Fines were low in phenolic C, as were two aqueous extracts. Applied to forest sites appropriately to minimize leaching and runoff, fines may cause short-term N immobilization, but should reduce postharvest nitrate leaching and restore soil organic matter.

	Big Loads Deliver Small Quantities

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Disposal of floor waste from chicken houses onto nearby agricultural land is a common practice, and can benefit farmers by supplying an organic form of fertilizer at relatively low cost. However, because of the wide diversity of nutrients present in poultry litter, it is unclear whether trace elements may be accumulating in soil and leading to toxicity levels in plants, animals, and human food supplies. Some trace elements are required by plants and animals in relatively low quantities and others are simply not essential. Franzluebbers et al. (778–784) in Georgia (USA) determined the concentration of nine trace elements in soil following five years of poultry litter application to bermudagrass pasture. Results showed that soil accumulated higher levels of Cu, Mn, and Zn with poultry litter fertilization, but at levels not considered toxic. Grazed pastures accumulated greater concentrations of some trace elements than hayed fields, because feces from cattle returned elements to the soil. Farmers, agricultural suppliers, and environmental organizations can benefit from this information to guide safe utilization of this vast manure resource in the southeastern USA.

	Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Sorption

TOP Lack of Aquatic Field... Ammonia Emissions from Swine... From Mud to Soil The Dirt in Your... Nitrate Increases in Shallow... Mobility of Sulfate in... Biosolids and a Pinch... Time and Moisture Effects... An In Vitro Gastrointestinal... Treatments to Reduce... Predicting Cadmium Concentration... "Waste" Compost is Safe... Plant-Available Zinc and Lead... Fate of Elemental Selenium Turf Practices in North... Watershed Development, Nutrient... Thin-Soil Disc Desorption Fits... Herbicide Fate in the... Photodegradation Competes with... 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis... Leaching of Metribuzin Residues... Plant Growth in an... Nitrate Leaching under Grazed... Fertilizer Source Effect on... Underground Mine Water Improving... Reducing Nitrate Losses from... Phosphorus Leaching Influenced... Modeling Soil Fumigation with... Valuable Commercial Plants in... Phytoavailability of Biosolids... Recirculating Sand Filters for... Manure Nitrogen Availability... Grassland Captures Poultry... Coal Ashes and Organic... Predicting Phosphorus in Runoff... Phosphorus Compounds in Manures Logyard Fines—Prospects... Big Loads Deliver Small... Spatial Variability of...

 
Soils of riparian wetlands are highly effective at P sorption. However, these soils exhibit extreme spatial variability across riparian zones. Bruland and Richardson (785–794) used a spatially explicit sampling design in two riparian wetlands in North Carolina to better understand relationships among P sorption, soil properties, and spatial variability. At each site, considerable differences were found in the mean values as well as the spatial variability of soil properties and P sorption capacity. Semivariance analysis and kriging illustrated soil properties at Site 1 varied at smaller scales than those at Site 2. At both sites, after the effects of spatial autocorrelation and all other soil properties were accounted for, oxalate extractable Al had the highest Mantel correlation with P sorption.

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