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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Atrazine Losses Reduced by Alternative Runoff Control Practices

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

	Lower CO2 Use by SO2–Exposed Trees

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Trees exposed to airborne SO₂ seem to have reduced their CO₂ foliar uptake by 20 to 30% relative to trees in non-industrialized regions. This suggestion is based on unprecedented shifts of the C isotopes in tree rings formed during smelting at distances up to 116 km from a Cu plant. These results reported by Savard et al. (p. 13-26) imply the forest CO₂ uptake of North American industrial regions may be lower than previously thought.

	Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Manure

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Storage of manure makes a significant contribution to global methane emissions. Anaerobic digestion of pig and cattle manure in biogas reactors before outside storage might reduce the potential for methane emissions. However, manure pre-stored at 15 to 20°C in buildings before anaerobic digestion may be a significant source of methane and could reduce the potential methane production in the biogas reactor. Møller et al. (p. 27-36 ) report substantial methane and carbon dioxide emissions from aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes during pre-storage of manure even at short storage times.

	Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cattle Manure Composting

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Wood residuals from the lumber industry are increasingly used as an alternative bedding material to traditional cereal straw. This could affect properties of fresh feedlot manure and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission during composting. Hao et al. (p. 37-44) found overall GHG emissions (CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O) as CO₂–C equivalent were not significantly different between straw-bedded (368.4 kg Mg^–1) and wood chip–bedded manure (349.2 kg Mg^–1) during 99 d of open windrow composting. For both types of cattle manure, N₂O emissions accounted for <1% of total N loss, and CH₄ emissions for <6% of total C loss.

	Pyrene Degradation in Boreal Conifer Forest Humus

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are not only ubiquitous pollutants in urban and industrialized areas, but also in remote places. Accumulation has been shown in rural areas through atmospheric deposition. Koivula et al. (p. 45-53) found in microcosm experiments that pristine acid conifer forest humus contained a microbial population with an intrinsic potential to mineralize polyaromatic compound pyrene. Degradation rates were concentration-dependent. Pine and its mycorrhizal fungus had no significant effect on pyrene mineralization yields. It seems pyrene is unlikely to accumulate in Finnish forest environments at the present deposition rate.

	Metal Accumulation in Indian Mustard Overexpressing ATP Sulfurylase

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Indian mustard transgenics overexpressing ATP sulfurylase (APS plants) were tested by Wangeline et al. (p. 54-60) for tolerance and accumulation of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, W, and Zn. The APS seedlings were more tolerant than wild type to As(III), As (V), Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn, but less tolerant to Mo and V. The APS seedlings had up to 2.5-fold-higher shoot concentrations of As(III), As(V), Hg, Mo, Pb, and V. Mature APS plants contained up to 2.5-fold-higher shoot concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, V, and W than wild-type, with no difference in tolerance. Overexpression of ATP sulfurylase may be a promising approach to create plants with enhanced phytoextraction capacity for mixtures of metals.

	Attenuation of VOCs in Landfill Soil Covers

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
The potential for natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in landfill covers was examined in soil microcosms incubated with methane and air. In total, 26 VOCs including chlorinated methanes, ethanes, ethenes, fluorinated hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons were investigated by Scheutz et al. (p. 61-71). Soil showed a high capacity for degradation of all lower chlorinated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas fully halogenated hydrocarbons were not degraded in the presence of methane and oxygen. Maximal oxidation activity occurred in a zone between 15 to 20 cm below the surface, as this depth allowed sufficient supply of both methane and oxygen. Results demonstrate that landfill soil covers have a significant potential for degradation of selected volatile organics, thereby reducing emissions to the atmosphere.

	Environmental Factors Influence Attenuation of HCFCs

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
The influence of different environmental factors on methane oxidation and degradation of hydrochloroflurocarbons (HCFCs) was investigated by Scheutz and Kjeldsen (p. 72-79) in microcosms containing soil sampled at a Danish landfill. Factors studied included temperature, soil moisture, pH, ammonium, and Cu, as well as the inhibitory effect of selected trace components on methane oxidation. The soil showed a high capacity for degradation of HCFCs resulting in maximum oxidation rates of 0.95 and 0.68 µg g^–1 h^–1 for HCFC-21 and HCFC-22, respectively. In general, the environmental factors studied influenced degradation of HCFCs in almost the same way as they influenced methane oxidation. The most important parameters controlling oxidation in landfill cover soil were temperature, soil moisture, and methane and/or oxygen supply.

	Predicting Pollutant Availability in Soil

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Hydrophobic organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exhibit strong chemical–physical interactions with soil particles resulting in significant environmental implications. Szolar et al. (p. 80-88) present a method for the prediction of pollutant–soil interaction based on sequential supercritical CO₂ extraction. Under mild extraction conditions, decreasing recoveries for PAHs were found with increasing molecular weight. Moreover, desorption behavior strongly correlated with PAH profiles; soils with relatively less mobile PAHs evidenced higher proportions of five- or six-ring PAHs and vice versa. Biodegradation performance also corresponded well with PAH recoveries under mild extraction conditions. However, one soil, which was found to be toxic, did not follow this pattern, leading to the conclusion that mass transfer limitations may only be one of many factors governing biodegradability of PAHs.

	Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated Soils

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Besides the beneficial effects on soil amelioration, the addition of composts to nutrient-depleted forest soils can increase soil respiration and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Borken et al. (p. 89-98) report that addition of mature compost increased CO₂ efflux in two of six forest sites, probably due to enhanced decomposition of soil organic matter. Compost addition increased DOC fluxes at 10- and 100-cm depths in all forest soils over a period of 32 mo, with the effect of compost stronger at 10 than 100 cm. The mineral soils between 10 and 100 cm acted as significant sinks for DOC in both the control and compost plots. Overall, a single, moderate application of mature compost to nutrient-depleted forest soils seems to have little effect on C losses to the atmosphere and ground water.

	Soil Variables for Prediction of Potential Phosphorus Release

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
In risk assessment for P losses from agricultural fields to surface waters, both P release and transport mechanisms need to be considered. Börling et al. (p. 99-106) found that potential P release in nine Swedish soils was exponentially related to soil test P measured as NaHCO₃–extractable phosphorus (Olsen P) and ammonium lactate–extractable phosphorus (P-AL) in the soils. However, at the same soil test P level, soils with high P sorption capacity released less P than soils with low P sorption capacity. Consequently, soil test P cannot be used alone for prediction of potential P release for soils with different P sorption capacity. The ratios between Olsen P and P-AL and a single-point P sorption index were calculated as an estimate of P sorption saturation. These ratios gave good correlations with potential P release and seemed to be useful estimates of potential P release for risk assessment.

	Phosphorus Loss Ratings for P Index

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
The degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) relates a measure of the P already adsorbed by a soil to its P sorption capacity, and therefore would be an indexing potential for P loss from a given soil. Nair et al. (p. 107-113) computed DPS using P, Fe, and Al concentrations in a Mehlich 1 (soil test P) solution. Results agreed with methods of DPS calculation using oxalate extractions, an analytical procedure more complicated and generally not used in Florida and other parts of the USA. Mehlich 1–P values are used in the Florida P Index as an indicator of P release potential. Because Mehlich 1–P values do not reflect the soil P retention capacity, it may be desirable to replace Mehlich 1–P concentrations in the Florida P Index matrix with DPS. Based on numerous factors, the authors suggest assigning different P loss ratings for DPS (<30%, 30–60%, and >60%) to replace Mehlich 1–P values in the current Florida P Index.

	Nitrogen Isotopes Identify Wastewater

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Increases in coastal watershed populations have increased delivery of nutrients to lakes, ponds, and estuaries. Cole et al. (p. 124-132) assessed the use of a stable isotopic method to trace anthropogenic N across different plant taxonomic groups and geographic regions. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.) isotopic signatures were identified as useful indicators of wastewater. A model based on smooth cordgrass was then developed and tested to estimate relative wastewater load. This model generally worked well. Results provide an inexpensive and simple tool to assess effects of watershed urbanization on coastal water bodies.

	Molybdenum and Copper Uptake by Alfalfa

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Hypocuprosis, or Mo-induced Cu deficiency in ruminant animals, has been identified as a potential risk from land-applied, stabilized biosolids. Alkaline-stabilized biosolids warrant particular consideration in assessment of Mo risk because the high pH of these biosolids could increase Mo uptake and decrease Cu uptake by forage legumes. Stehouwer and Macneal (p. 133-140) found that alkaline-stabilized biosolids with low Mo content applied at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 times the soil lime requirement did not increase soil Mo, but increased alfalfa Mo and decreased Cu to Mo ratio in alfalfa to just below 3. Although results suggest that alkaline-stabilized biosolids may have a greater effect on forage Mo and Cu to Mo ratio than other biosolids, additional investigation is needed at higher cumulative Mo loading to assess Mo risk from such biosolids.

	As the Lead Sinks into the Horizon(s)

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Young and old forest stands have a taste for Pb, as this toxic element accumulates in organic matter. When anthropogenic Pb emissions peaked in the 1960s and 1970s, so did Pb concentrations in forest floors of the northeastern USA. Since the advent of unleaded gasoline, Pb loadings, as well as observed forest floor concentrations, have declined. Yanai et al. (p. 141-148) show that even long-term studies can, however, be misleading if sampling efforts treat the forest floor as a single pool. By distinguishing between the horizons in a forest floor over the course of a two-decade sampling effort, Pb was observed to generally be moving from the upper (Oie) horizon to lower layers (Oa and A). From three sites, Pb was only "lost" from one forest floor, while redistribution was the name of the game in other stands. This will undoubtedly leave researchers with a sinking feeling that earlier estimates of Pb residence times may not be accurate.

	Complementary Chemical and Biological Assessments of Water Quality

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Conventional chemical analyses of detectable pollutants measure water characteristics but do not provide information on their biological effect. Quilbé et al. (p. 149-153) report that metallothionein (MT2A) gene expression by human T cells can be a useful tool, complementary to physicochemical analysis, to assess the effects of metal elements in water. In this study, 10 runoff water samples were collected on an agricultural elementary watershed. Despite low concentrations in metal elements, 5 of 10 samples induced MT2A gene expression. This reveals that additional components or processes are involved in biological response. In this regard, an apparent inverse relationship between Ca concentration and MT2A gene induction was observed, suggesting that Ca may play an important role in modulating biological effects.

	Bacterial Extracellular Polymer Behavior in Soils

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Bacterial extracellular polymers (BEP) can affect the translocation and fate of organic and inorganic pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Zhou et al. (p. 154-162) report that addition of sludge BEP to a well-aged Cu-contaminated orchard sandy soil resulted in 1.6- to 12.8-fold higher water-soluble Cu concentration over the control. The Cu uptake by ryegrass grown in the soil was increased by 31% due to interval-watering sludge BEP solution in a 35-d period. It was concluded that sludge BEP could act as a facilitated-transport carrier of Cu in Cu-contaminated soil due to its ability to mobilize Cu. But sludge BEP acting as a chelating agent to enhance phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated soils appears to be of little value due to its higher biodegradability and much lower ability to increase Cu uptake by plants than common synthetic chelating agents.

	Heavy Metals in an Urban Watershed in Michigan

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
The occurrence of heavy metals in soil was measured over a period of several years to determine background concentrations in a heavily urbanized watershed in Michigan. A spatially dispersed sample set was collected by Murray et al. (p. 163-172) and analyzed for 14 metals: Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, Ag, Tl, and Zn, which are part of the USEPA's list of the 129 most common pollutants. Metal concentrations were measured at three depths (<0.5 m, 0.5 to 10 m, and >10 m) across six soil units in glacial terrain. Additional analyses assessed the metal concentrations in each depth profile across three general land use categories (residential, commercial, and industrial). Metal concentrations were highest in the near surface with Pb present at concentrations averaging 15.5 times that of background in industrial areas and about 16 times background in residential areas.

	Arsenic Availability in Raised Garden Beds

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Lumber used to construct raised garden beds is often treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), which contains high concentrations of As, Cu, and Cr. Rahman et al. (p. 173-180) examined how far As diffused from CCA-treated wood surfaces, determined the uptake of As by vegetable crops, and evaluated the effect of CCA solution on soil bacteria. The highest elemental concentrations of As, Cu, and Cr in garden beds occurred 0 to 2 cm from the treated wood surface and steadily declined at greater distance from the wood. Uptake of As by carrots, spinach, bush beans, and buckwheat grown in pots showed that concentrations of As in all crops grown in CCA-contaminated soils were higher than those from control soils. Bacteria in soil 0 to 2 cm from the treated wood had greater resistance to CCA solution than those from reference soils collected 1.5 m away from the treated wood.

	Simulating Sludge Effects on Metal Bioavailability

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Controversy exists over long-term consequences of sludge applications to arable land, especially with regard to the effects of sludge adsorption characteristics on trace metal bioavailability (i.e., the sludge "time bomb" or "protection" hypotheses). Bergkvist and Jarvis (p. 181-191) present a model to simulate long-term changes in topsoil characteristics that occur when biosolids are applied to arable land, that in turn influences trace metal bioavailability. The model was parameterized and tested against data from an ongoing (41 yr) sludge experiment in Sweden. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the most important parameters were Cd loading and parameters controlling adsorption, especially the partition coefficient for sludge-derived inorganic material and the exponent regulating effect of pH on sorption. Scenario simulations showed that no general statements can be made with respect to validity of the sludge "time bomb" and "protection" hypotheses. Either may occur, or neither, depending on three key system parameters: the ratio of sludge adsorption capacity to initial adsorption capacity of the soil, proportion of the sludge adsorption capacity contributed by the inorganic fraction, and sludge Cd loading.

	Initial Potassium Leaching from Grasslands

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
There is little information on K leaching dynamics from grassland systems. Alfaro et al. (p. 192-200) show that K concentration in leachate was associated with preferential flow when soil was initially dry and with matrix flow when soil was saturated. Rainfall intensity and application of K fertilizer in autumn were the main determinants of K leaching losses. The use of N fertilizer and artificial drainage reduced the amount of K lost by 150 and 35%, respectively.

	Organic Nitrogen Floating in Freshwater

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is thought to be a major cog in the global N cycle; however, little is understood about what makes this cog tick. Willett et al. (p. 201-209) report that DON can dominate the N load in freshwaters, making it more important than NO₃^– in many streams and lakes. This study shows that both soil type and plant cover in the catchment area, as well as season, are important in controlling the amount of DON leaving a drainage basin. It therefore appears that DON in freshwaters is a major loss pathway from grassland and forest ecosystems.

	How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes Surface Water

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Phosphorus carried in runoff and sediment from manure-amended fields often reduces water quality in nearby streams and ponds. Grant et al. (p. 210-231) developed a model to calculate rates and amounts of P transported from manure-amended soils by runoff and erosion during rainfall events. The model was tested with minute-by-minute results for P in runoff water and sediment measured during controlled rainfall experiments on a variety of soils to which different amounts of manure had been added. The model was then used to calculate the rate of manure application on a hypothetical field over a 60-yr period, above which nearby surface water would accumulate unacceptable P concentrations.

	Fate of Surfactants in Sludge-Amended Soil

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Sewage sludge is often used as fertilizer on agricultural soils. Sludge contains a range of organic chemicals including the surfactants linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) and nonylphenol. Jacobsen et al. (p. 232-240) investigated the fate of these surfactants in a lysimeter study, using a sandy loam soil and 45-cm soil columns with sewage sludge incorporated in the upper-15-cm soil layer. Samples were collected from three soil layers and from the leachate collection bottles continuously throughout a 110-d experimental period. Results showed a fast degradation of both surfactants in the upper soil layer with half-lives of 20 and 37 d for LAS and nonylphenol, respectively, and no detectable downward transport of surfactants to soil layers below the depth of soil incorporation or to leachate.

	Fate of Acetochlor in Soils

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Studying the dissipation of pesticides under field conditions is essential for assessing the risk of leaching to ground water. Baran et al. (p. 241-249) studied the dissipation of acetochlor and its metabolites in two contrasting soil types for one year and demonstrated that the onset of acetochlor degradation was rapid and led to formation of the two metabolites ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanilic acid (OA). Although the two degradates were detected in the two soils, their fate differed according to soil type, at least in the surface layers. For both soils, the rapid dissipation of the three compounds suggests the occurrence of leaching, secondary degradation, and formation of bound residues. Determining the relative magnitude of each of these processes was not possible on the basis of data collected.

	Quantification of Antibiotics in Aqueous Samples

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Antibiotics are commonly used as feed additive to promote growth of food-producing animals. As much as 80% of the antibiotic administered orally is excreted in urine or feces. Once excreted, antibiotics may enter surface and/or ground waters through nonpoint-source pollution from manure-applied lands. Conventional trace analytical methods for antibiotics using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) are expensive and time consuming. Kumar et al. (p. 250-256) present a low-cost enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantification of tetracycline and tylosin antibiotics in water and manure samples. The ELISA techniques were found to be highly sensitive and selective for tylosin and tetracycline, with recovery of both tylosin and tetracycline from spiked samples of lake waters, runoff samples, soil saturation extracts, and nanopure water being close to 100%. Results of ELISA and LC–MS were comparable for four independent swine manure samples tested. Results indicate that ELISA tests can be useful tools for low-cost screening of tylosin, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline in environmental waters and manure samples.

	Adsorption and Degradation of Erythromycin A on Clays

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Erythromycin has been widely used in food-producing animals and in humans, and is frequently detected as an organic pollutant in U.S. streams. In a study by Kim et al. (p. 257-264), adsorption of erythromycin A was strongly influenced by type of clay, exchanged cations, pH of the bulk solution, and acidity of clay surfaces. The formation of clay–erythromycin A complexes was thermodynamically favorable except for K⁺– and Fe³⁺–exchanged montmorillonites, since the reactions were exothermic and the systems became stable. Clays catalyzed erythromycin A degradation by the hydrolysis of neutral sugar and multiple dehydrations. Acidity of clay surfaces enhanced the rate of clay-catalyzed degradation of erythromycin A.

	"Sandwich" Complexes between Pollutants and Soil Humic Materials?

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
The delocalized () electron systems of adjacent aromatic rings can interact to form weak "sandwich" complexes if one system is electron rich and the other electron poor. Such – donor–acceptor interactions may play a role in the sorption of certain chemicals to natural organic matter in soils. Wijnja et al. (p. 265-275) have shown spectroscopically and through solubility enhancement experiments that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, phenanthrene, a donor, can form relatively strong – complexes in solution with small acceptor molecules (quinones and heterocyclic amines) that represent some of the types of subunits found in humic macromolecules.

	Characterization of Cation– Interactions

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
The importance of cation– interactions from the perspective of environmental science and engineering has gone largely unexplored. Zhu et al. (p. 276-284) provide a spectroscopic methodology for investigating and quantifying cation– interactions and present preliminary experimental evidence suggesting these interactions are likely to be important in some environmental systems.

	Nutrient Retention in Urban Streams

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Anthropogenic nutrient sources are a major cause of large increases in stream nutrient concentrations, often with documented declines in water quality. Marti et al. (p. 285-293) examined the effect of these increases on stream nutrient retention efficiency based on longitudinal declines in nutrient concentration downstream of wastewater treatment plants inputs. More than one-third of the streams exhibited no clear pattern or consistent increase of nutrient concentration, indicating that nutrients were being transported downstream without any significant removal. In the rest of the cases, nutrient concentrations consistently declined along the reach, indicating that the stream was acting as a net sink for nutrients. In these streams, nutrient retention efficiency was much lower than that measured in streams draining relatively pristine watersheds. Thus, the efficiency of streams to remove nutrients has limitations because it can be significantly altered by the quantity and quality of the receiving water.

	Herbicides in Subsurface Drains

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Bentazone plus alachlor is a potential herbicide combination used as a substitute for atrazine that is frequently detected in ground water. Thus, there is interest in assessing the environmental risk of this blend. Drainage volumes and concentrations of alachlor and bentazone were monitored in silty clay and silt loam soils under the same management and climatic conditions. Dousset et al. (p. 294-301) suggest that both herbicides were transported by preferential flow in the two soils. In addition, more intensive drainage and preferential flow occurred in the silty clay than in the silt loam. Herbicide losses were higher in the drains of both soils in the drier of two study years, explained by time intervals between treatment and the first drainage events, which were longer in the wetter year. Results suggest that the drainage phases occurred by preferential flow in the spring–summer period, with correspondingly fast leaching of herbicides, and by matrix flow during the fall–winter period, with slower herbicide migration.

	Herbicide Concentrations in Farm Dugouts

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Surface runoff and atmospheric deposition can introduce pesticides into prairie farm dugouts (ponds) which are frequently used as drinking water sources. In a three-year study of three dugouts, Cessna and Elliott (p. 302-315) report that herbicide detections in dugout waters tended to be seasonal in nature. Detections, which were not continuous, were most frequent during June and July following snowmelt runoff and also late in fall following dugout turnover. The appearance of herbicides in dugout water during fall turnover and in concentrations generally greater than those present during June and July suggests that the bottom sediments may act as a source of herbicides to the water column. In general, application drift did not result in detectable concentrations of herbicides in the dugouts. Maximum herbicide concentrations did not exceed Canadian drinking water guidelines; however, aquatic life and irrigation water guidelines were exceeded in 11 and 40% of samples, respectively.

	Microbial Purification during Soil Treatment of Wastewater

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Soil treatment of wastewater has potential to achieve high purification efficiency, yet the understanding and predictability of purification with respect to removal of viruses and other pathogens is limited. Research by Van Cuyk et al. (p. 316-329) quantifies the removal of virus and bacteria through the use of microbial surrogates and conservative tracers during controlled experiments with three-dimensional pilot-scale soil treatment systems in the laboratory and during testing of full-scale systems under field conditions. Results suggest episodic breakthrough of virus and bacteria during soil treatment of wastewater and a 2 to 3 log (99–99.9%) removal of virus and near complete removal of fecal coliform bacteria during unsaturated flow through 60 to 90 cm of sandy medium.

	Thermal Analysis of Whole Soils and Sediment

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Thermal analysis techniques were used by DeLapp and LeBoeuf (p. 330-337) to investigate the thermal properties of two soils and a lignite coal obtained from the International Humic Substances Society, and sediment obtained from the Netherlands. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed glass transition behavior of each sample at temperatures ranging from 52°C for Pahokee peat, 55°C for a Netherlands (B8) sediment, 64°C for Elliott loam, to 70°C for Gascoyne leonardite. Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) revealed glass transition behavior at similar temperatures, and quantified constant-pressure specific heat capacity (C_p) at 0°C from 0.6 J g^–1 °C^–1 for Elliott loam and 0.8 J g^–1 °C^–1 for the Leonardite, to 1.0 J g^–1 °C^–1 for the peat and the sediment.

	Liming Cotton with Fly Ash?

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Disposal of fly ash from coal burning electric power facilities is a problem in the USA. A field experiment was conducted by Stevens and Dunn (p. 343-348) to determine whether fly ash could be used to neutralize soil acidity in a cotton field (pH 4.8) without reducing yields. Within 60 d of fly ash applications, soil pH increased above 6.0. Toxic B levels in cotton tissue were not found. However, in the first year, cotton yields decreased from fly ash amendment. In the second year, cotton yields in the same plots with no additional fly ash were significantly increased compared with the untreated check.

	Organic Ligands Increase Phytate Mobilization in Manure

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Animal manure contains partially digested feed fiber and grains where P is bound in organic compounds that include phytic acid (IP6). As a strong ligand (LIGND), IP6 has a high affinity for Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, and Ca²⁺. Hydrolysis of IP6 is progressively inhibited by these cations when cation to IP6-P mole ratios increase to the theoretical 6 to 6 or higher. Dao (p. 349-357) found that their inhibitory effect lessens in the presence of ligands. Whether CDTA or EDTA is the most effective LIGND depends upon the acidity of the suspension and LIGND charge concentration. The LIGNDs reduced the inhibitory effect of polyvalent counterions to the point of promoting the hydrolysis of a manure phytase-hydrolyzable P fraction that is otherwise unavailable. Therefore, ligand-induced changes increase the mobilization and hydrolysis of complexed organic P above and beyond the simple dissolution of inorganic phosphates present in manure.

	Runoff Losses in Turf Establishment

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Import of manure P as compost or in transplanted sod can eliminate fertilizer P applications for turf establishment and maintenance on urban landscapes, but effects on water quality need to be evaluated. Runoff losses of P and N during rain events were compared among imported bermudagrass sod grown with composted dairy manure or fertilizer P and sprigged bermudagrass topdressed with manure or fertilizer P by Vietor et al. (p. 358-366). Observations during an early rain event or throughout turf establishment revealed that the mass and percentage of manure P lost in runoff from imported sod were only one-third of respective losses from sprigged plots. Sod grown with manure P rates of 190 kg P ha^–1 can be imported without increasing runoff losses of P compared with conventional P fertilizer rates and practices used for bermudagrass turf establishment.

	Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable Organic Phosphorus

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Identifying and quantifying hydrolyzable organic P in the environment may allow improved P management. Several enzymes able to release (hydrolyze) organic P have been used to characterize hydrolyzable organic P in soils, animal manure, and other sources. However, the difference in experimental conditions and enzymes applied complicate data interpretation. He et al. (p. 367-372) report on the application of three enzymes to quantify the hydrolyzable organic P in a single pH buffer system. This procedure was able to classify organic P forms in manure and soils. Further refinement of this approach may provide a universal means to quantify hydrolyzable organic P from a wide range of sources.

	Phosphorus and Heavy Metals in Potting Media

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Solubility and fractionation of P and heavy metals in media containing compost derived from biosolids and yard trimmings were evaluated for potential effects on the environment by Zhang et al. (p. 373-379). As compost proportion in peat-based media increased from 0 to 100%, concentrations of total P, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Mn in the media increased, whereas those of total Co and Cr decreased. Except for Cu, all heavy metals in the water-soluble fraction decreased with increasing compost proportion in the media. When media pH was controlled and maintained at the normal range of plant growth (5.5–6.5), leaching of heavy metals was minimal. Incorporation of compost to the peat-based media also decreased the proportion of total P that was water soluble.

	Organic Phosphorus Sources Have Different Solubilities

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Phosphorus losses in runoff from application of manures and biosolids to agricultural land can negatively affect surface water sources. Leytem and Sims (p. 380-388) report that there are significant differences in the solubility and availability of P from varying organic P sources. The difference in solubility of organic P sources suggests that they pose different risks for P losses in runoff when land-applied, and therefore should be weighted differently in any risk assessment. The use of a phosphorus source coefficient (PSC) may be beneficial when determining risk of P losses from land application of manures and other organic P sources and could be used in risk assessments such as a P site index. These PSCs may also be useful for determining P application rates when organic P sources are applied to P-deficient soils for use as a fertilizer source.

	Low-Phytate Corn Reduces Phosphorus in Swine Manure

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Most feed grains store P in forms that have low bioavailability to swine. Low bioavailability requires supplementation and results in high P contents in manure. Wienhold and Miller (p. 389-393) confirm that use of low-phytate corn reduced the concentration of P in swine manure. While the concentration of P was reduced the percentage of total P extracted with H₂O, HCl, NaHCO₃, NaOH, or remaining in the residue was similar in manure from swine fed low-phytate or traditional corn. The solubility and crop availability of P in low-phytate manure should be similar to that in traditional corn manure.

	Avoid Overloading Wetlands with Phosphorus

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
Wetlands provide an important water quality function by sequestering P from urban and agricultural sources. Loading a wetland beyond its P assimilation capacity can result in P release into stream or river systems, thereafter, calling into question their long-term mitigation effectiveness. Novak et al. (p. 394-401) studied the long-term (four years) dissolved phosphorus (DP) retention and release characteristics of a coastal plain in-stream wetland (ISW) and how these characteristics respond to management effects like flooding and draining. At the initial DP loading rate (10.9 mg m^–2 d^–1), this ISW did not have sufficient assimilation capacity to effectively retain DP. The ISW was then flooded from 0.31 to 0.67 ha, and while flooded, higher DP loads (14.6 mg m^–2 d^–1) entered the ISW because of more frequent storm events. Increasing the ISW size resulted in more wetland surface area available for P binding and consequently more DP was retained. The ISW was later drained from 0.67 to 0.33 ha, which catalyzed the release of stored DP. Long-term examination of this ISW showed that it was capable of both retaining and releasing DP, being greatly influenced by shifts in wetland area by flooding and draining.

	Alum-Amended Poultry Litter Still a Good Nitrogen Fertilizer

TOP Atrazine Losses Reduced by... Lower CO2 Use by... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from... Pyrene Degradation in Boreal... Metal Accumulation in Indian... Attenuation of VOCs in... Environmental Factors Influence... Predicting Pollutant... Carbon Losses of Compost-Treated... Soil Variables for Prediction... Phosphorus Loss Ratings for... Nitrogen Isotopes Identify... Molybdenum and Copper Uptake... As the Lead Sinks... Complementary Chemical and... Bacterial Extracellular Polymer... Heavy Metals in an... Arsenic Availability in Raised... Simulating Sludge Effects on... Initial Potassium Leaching from... Organic Nitrogen Floating in... How Manure Phosphorus Pollutes... Fate of Surfactants in... Fate of Acetochlor in... Quantification of Antibiotics in... Adsorption and Degradation of... "Sandwich" Complexes between... Characterization of Cation-{pi}... Nutrient Retention in Urban... Herbicides in Subsurface Drains Herbicide Concentrations in Farm... Microbial Purification during... Thermal Analysis of Whole... Liming Cotton with Fly... Organic Ligands Increase Phytate... Runoff Losses in Turf... Enzymes Identify Hydrolyzable... Phosphorus and Heavy Metals... Organic Phosphorus Sources Have... Low-Phytate Corn Reduces... Avoid Overloading Wetlands with... Alum-Amended Poultry Litter...

 
The poultry industry is a major economic benefit to several areas in the USA, but land application of poultry litter to recycle nutrients can lead to impaired surface and ground water quality. Amending poultry litter with alum [Al₃ (SO₄)₂·14H₂O] has received considerable attention as a method of economically reducing ammonia volatilization in the poultry house and soluble P in runoff waters. Gilmour et al. (p. 402-405) found that amending litter with alum after each cycle of birds in the poultry house or after the litter had been removed from the poultry house had little effect on litter decomposition and the release of N in plant-available forms as the litter decomposed. Thus, the N part of nutrient management plans for alum-amended poultry litter can use guidelines already established for unamended litter.

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