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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Enhancing Phytoextraction

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

	Phosphorus Restrictions for Land Application of Biosolids

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Application of biosolids to agricultural soils, as with animal manures, will often provide P in excess of crop needs, which can contribute to buildup of P in soils and the potential for P losses to ground and surface waters. However, some properties of biosolids, such as the chemical forms of P present in these materials, may mitigate P losses. A national survey of state agencies responsible for regulation of land application of biosolids determined that 24 states are now regulating biosolids applications to agricultural land based on P. The most common state approach to P-based management of biosolids was based on an environmental soil test P threshold and differs from the P Site Index approach most commonly used for animal manure P management. Shober and Sims (p. 1955 –1964) suggest there is a need for a comprehensive environmental risk assessment of biosolids P to determine the most appropriate approach to biosolids P management when water quality is a main concern.

	Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Fields

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Evaluation of spatial variability of N₂O emissions and elucidation of their determining factors on a field-scale basis are essential for reliable estimation of total emissions and for establishment of countermeasures to alleviate the emissions. Yanai et al. (p. 1965 –1977) show that in an agricultural field in Japan, N₂O fluxes were highly variable and their log-transformed values had spatial dependence with a range of >75 m. High N₂O fluxes were observed at sites with relatively low elevation. Multivariate analysis indicated that organic matter and pH factors, obtained from 23 soil properties by the principal components analysis, were the main soil-related determining factors. The regression equation based on soil properties explained 56% of the spatially structured variation of the log-transformed N₂O fluxes, and a predicted map closely matched the spatial pattern of measured fluxes. Site-specific management to regulate organic matter content and water status of a soil could be a promising means of reducing N₂O emissions from agricultural fields.

	Rice Methane Emissions: Warming Generates Warming?

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Cultivation of rice in water-saturated soil contributes large amounts of methane, a greenhouse gas, to the atmosphere. The global warming potential of newly added methane is 21 times greater than that of the same mass of added carbon dioxide (CO₂). Allen et al. (p. 1978 –1991) found that both elevated CO₂ and elevated temperature increased methane emissions by paddy-culture rice grown in outdoor, sunlit, controlled-environment chambers. The total season-long methane efflux from rice grown at doubled CO₂ and +6°C was four times greater than that from rice grown at ambient CO₂ and temperature conditions. Thus, both rising atmospheric CO₂ and anticipated global warming could increase methane emissions from rice fields thereby increasing the amount of global warming by this greenhouse gas even more. The potential for global warming could be even greater if these findings also apply to other wetland ecosystems. With this forewarning, scientists can develop or improve cultivation methods and cultivars of rice that are designed to decrease greenhouse gas emissions under paddy-culture conditions while maintaining high yields.

	Grasses Kill Herbicides in Ground Water

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Grass riparian buffer strips are recognized as one of the most effective bioremediation approaches to mitigate the transport of agricultural chemicals from croplands. Lin et al. (p. 1992 –2000) found a dramatic reduction in herbicide levels in ground water when grasses were implemented. Many forage species have shown a great potential to enhance atrazine degradation in the ground water and soils, but they were not able to reduce total atrazine (parent plus metabolites) transported in the ground water. In contrast, although grass treatments did not promote the degradation of diketonitrile, the active ingredient of Balance herbicide, they significantly reduced its transport to ground water through enhanced evapotranspiration. Results indicate that herbicide transport and degradation in grass buffer systems were dependent on the herbicide chemistry and forage species employed.

	Arsenic Tolerance of Basin Wildrye

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Revegetation of As-contaminated soils is essential to prevent further dispersion of As, but can be difficult due to the limited number of As-tolerant plant species and lack of information regarding successful establishment of plans under high As conditions. Vigorous growth of basin wildrye has been observed in As-contaminated soils; however, there is little understanding of the mechanisms or degree of As tolerance exhibited by this plant. Knudson et al. (p. 2001 –2006) investigated the influence of mycorrhizal colonization and varied levels of As and P on growth and As partitioning in basin wildrye. Arsenic tolerance in basin wildrye was not dependent on the presence of mycorrhizal fungi. Rather, basin wildrye, with or without mycorrhiza, was capable of vigorous growth in the presence of up to 15 mg kg^-1 of available As. Furthermore, the addition of 15 mg kg^-1 of available P allowed for plant growth at As concentrations as high as 50 mg kg^-1. The majority of As taken up by plants was partitioned into roots rather than leaves. Results suggest that basin wildrye is well suited for use in the stabilization or reclamation of As-contaminated soils and there is only limited potential for As ingestion by grazing mammals as a result of As accumulation in roots.

	Virus Transport in Soil and Ground Water

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Viruses in drinking water are an important source of human-enteric diseases. Knowledge of the factors that affect the survival and transport of viruses in soil and ground water are critical to making accurate determinations of ground water vulnerability to viral contamination but such information is lacking, especially for the unsaturated vadose zone. Contrary to the popular belief that viruses (as well as other types of colloids) are removed during unsaturated transport, Chu et al. (p. 2017 –2025) found that the effect of water content on virus removal and inactivation is largely controlled by proprieties of the testing porous medium. Factors such as the presence of metal oxides, high P and Ca contents, and high organic matter content can render water-content effect on virus removal and inactivation from significant to minimal.

	Mineralogy of a Zerovalent Iron Reactive Barrier

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Understanding long-term mineralogical transformations that have occurred in existing zerovalent Fe reactive barriers will help improve the design and operation of new barriers. Phillips et al. (p. 2033 –2045) report an increase in mineral precipitation, Fe oxidation, and cementation in the zerovalent Fe barrier at the Bear Creek Valley Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, TN, after 30 months of operation compared with a previous study performed 15 months after operation. In the zones where the Fe filings showed greater oxidation and corrosion, there was greater precipitation of goethite, lepidocrocite, aragonite, mackinawite, and amorphous FeS, compared with zones where green rust formed where oxidation and corrosion were absent or minimal. Many Fe minerals transformed into more crystalline structures, and corrosion and cementation of Fe filings increased within the last 15 months of operation, especially in the up-gradient interface where ground water enters the Fe portion of the barrier. If the degree of corrosion and cementation that was observed in the last 15 months of operation continues, highly corroded and oxidized portions of the barrier may last less than eight years, thus reducing the effectiveness of the barrier to mitigate contaminants.

	Removing Viruses from Drinking Water

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Microbiological contamination of drinking water remains one of the greatest challenges in public health risk management. New technologies and materials that can efficiently remove enteric viruses are urgently needed. You et al. (p. 2046 –2053) conducted batch and column experiments to evaluate the potential of using layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to remove water-borne viruses from aqueous systems. Results indicate that LDHs have very high sorption capacities for bacteriophage MS2 and the sorption is rapid. The lack of pH dependence of LDH sorption capacity suggests they would be effective sorbents under most environmental pH conditions. The viral removal efficiency of LDHs is compromised in systems where bivalent anions such as SO^2-₄ and HPO^2-₄ are present.

	Trace Element Mobility in Contaminated Soils

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Prediction of the effect of heavy metal pollutants on a terrestrial ecosystem after an accidental release requires assessment of their interaction with soils as well as their possible uptake by plants. The use of sequential extraction leaching experiments provides information on trace-metal mobility after changing environmental conditions, such as pH or E_H. Pueyo et al. (p. 2054 –2066) report on the application of a three-step sequential extraction procedure to soils affected by an accidental spill comprising arsenopyrite- and heavy metal–enriched sludge particles and acid waste waters. The major element (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn) extracted in each step revealed the main soil fractions solubilized, and in turn enabled detection of pyritic sludge particles. Results from the first step extraction allowed classification of the trace elements studied as mobile (Cd, Zn, and Cu) or poorly mobile (Pb, As, Tl, and Bi). Data from sequential extractions were compared with trace element concentration in plants growing in the contaminated area. The relative sequence of trace element mobility compared well with that predicted from the first step data.

	Peats Leach at a Microbial Pace

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Peat soil can geochemically accumulate trace elements that are gradually released when peatlands are drained for agriculture, potentially affecting both plant growth and downstream water quality. Qureshi et al. (p. 2067 –2075) used incubation temperatures (4, 16, 28, and 37°C) to vary the microbial activity in two trace metal–bearing peats (one acidic, the other with neutral pH) from New York (USA) and used periodic leaching to measure the trace element release from these soils. Microbial respiration and total losses of S, dissolved organic C, and trace elements in leachate followed the same general ranking pattern of 28 > 16 > 4 > 37°C, with losses typically greater from the acidic peat. Maximum losses measured were 15 to 22% of As, Cd, Ni, and Zn from the acidic peat incubated at 28°C. The correlation of respiration with leachate losses indicates that microbial processes mediated the release of trace elements from peat soils.

	Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI) Reduction

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Experimental results by Tzou et al. (p. 2076 –2084) show that dissolved organic compounds reduced Cr(VI) slowly under laboratory light; however, Cr(VI) reduction was greatly enhanced when growth chamber light was applied. Low photon flux (i.e., laboratory light) only enhanced Cr(VI) reduction by organics when Fe(III) was also present, because the Fe(II)–Fe(III) redox couple accelerated electron transfer and decreased electrostatic repulsion between reactants. Laboratory light was required to initiate Cr(VI) reduction catalyzed by TiO₂; nonetheless, light-catalyzed Cr(VI) reduction by smectite and ferrihydrite could occur only when greater light energy was provided with a growth chamber light. Results suggest a potential pathway for Cr(VI) reduction using naturally occurring organic compounds and colloids in acidic water systems with surface soils where light is available.

	Mercury in Wetland Wildlife

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Mercury in the wildlife of certain pristine ecosystems continues to increase for reasons that are not immediately evident. Siciliano et al. (p. 2085 –2094) investigated how bedrock lithology influenced methylmercury concentrations in wetlands. Twenty-five different wetlands over four different lithologies were assessed for a variety of chemical and biological parameters and then related to methylmercury concentrations. Levels of methylmercury in wetlands were highly dependent on the lithology for largely biological reasons related to methylmercury production and sulfate reducing bacterial community composit