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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Enhancing Phytoextraction

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

	Phosphorus Restrictions for Land Application of Biosolids

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Application of biosolids to agricultural soils, as with animal manures, will often provide P in excess of crop needs, which can contribute to buildup of P in soils and the potential for P losses to ground and surface waters. However, some properties of biosolids, such as the chemical forms of P present in these materials, may mitigate P losses. A national survey of state agencies responsible for regulation of land application of biosolids determined that 24 states are now regulating biosolids applications to agricultural land based on P. The most common state approach to P-based management of biosolids was based on an environmental soil test P threshold and differs from the P Site Index approach most commonly used for animal manure P management. Shober and Sims (p. 1955 –1964) suggest there is a need for a comprehensive environmental risk assessment of biosolids P to determine the most appropriate approach to biosolids P management when water quality is a main concern.

	Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Fields

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Evaluation of spatial variability of N₂O emissions and elucidation of their determining factors on a field-scale basis are essential for reliable estimation of total emissions and for establishment of countermeasures to alleviate the emissions. Yanai et al. (p. 1965 –1977) show that in an agricultural field in Japan, N₂O fluxes were highly variable and their log-transformed values had spatial dependence with a range of >75 m. High N₂O fluxes were observed at sites with relatively low elevation. Multivariate analysis indicated that organic matter and pH factors, obtained from 23 soil properties by the principal components analysis, were the main soil-related determining factors. The regression equation based on soil properties explained 56% of the spatially structured variation of the log-transformed N₂O fluxes, and a predicted map closely matched the spatial pattern of measured fluxes. Site-specific management to regulate organic matter content and water status of a soil could be a promising means of reducing N₂O emissions from agricultural fields.

	Rice Methane Emissions: Warming Generates Warming?

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Cultivation of rice in water-saturated soil contributes large amounts of methane, a greenhouse gas, to the atmosphere. The global warming potential of newly added methane is 21 times greater than that of the same mass of added carbon dioxide (CO₂). Allen et al. (p. 1978 –1991) found that both elevated CO₂ and elevated temperature increased methane emissions by paddy-culture rice grown in outdoor, sunlit, controlled-environment chambers. The total season-long methane efflux from rice grown at doubled CO₂ and +6°C was four times greater than that from rice grown at ambient CO₂ and temperature conditions. Thus, both rising atmospheric CO₂ and anticipated global warming could increase methane emissions from rice fields thereby increasing the amount of global warming by this greenhouse gas even more. The potential for global warming could be even greater if these findings also apply to other wetland ecosystems. With this forewarning, scientists can develop or improve cultivation methods and cultivars of rice that are designed to decrease greenhouse gas emissions under paddy-culture conditions while maintaining high yields.

	Grasses Kill Herbicides in Ground Water

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Grass riparian buffer strips are recognized as one of the most effective bioremediation approaches to mitigate the transport of agricultural chemicals from croplands. Lin et al. (p. 1992 –2000) found a dramatic reduction in herbicide levels in ground water when grasses were implemented. Many forage species have shown a great potential to enhance atrazine degradation in the ground water and soils, but they were not able to reduce total atrazine (parent plus metabolites) transported in the ground water. In contrast, although grass treatments did not promote the degradation of diketonitrile, the active ingredient of Balance herbicide, they significantly reduced its transport to ground water through enhanced evapotranspiration. Results indicate that herbicide transport and degradation in grass buffer systems were dependent on the herbicide chemistry and forage species employed.

	Arsenic Tolerance of Basin Wildrye

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Revegetation of As-contaminated soils is essential to prevent further dispersion of As, but can be difficult due to the limited number of As-tolerant plant species and lack of information regarding successful establishment of plans under high As conditions. Vigorous growth of basin wildrye has been observed in As-contaminated soils; however, there is little understanding of the mechanisms or degree of As tolerance exhibited by this plant. Knudson et al. (p. 2001 –2006) investigated the influence of mycorrhizal colonization and varied levels of As and P on growth and As partitioning in basin wildrye. Arsenic tolerance in basin wildrye was not dependent on the presence of mycorrhizal fungi. Rather, basin wildrye, with or without mycorrhiza, was capable of vigorous growth in the presence of up to 15 mg kg^-1 of available As. Furthermore, the addition of 15 mg kg^-1 of available P allowed for plant growth at As concentrations as high as 50 mg kg^-1. The majority of As taken up by plants was partitioned into roots rather than leaves. Results suggest that basin wildrye is well suited for use in the stabilization or reclamation of As-contaminated soils and there is only limited potential for As ingestion by grazing mammals as a result of As accumulation in roots.

	Virus Transport in Soil and Ground Water

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Viruses in drinking water are an important source of human-enteric diseases. Knowledge of the factors that affect the survival and transport of viruses in soil and ground water are critical to making accurate determinations of ground water vulnerability to viral contamination but such information is lacking, especially for the unsaturated vadose zone. Contrary to the popular belief that viruses (as well as other types of colloids) are removed during unsaturated transport, Chu et al. (p. 2017 –2025) found that the effect of water content on virus removal and inactivation is largely controlled by proprieties of the testing porous medium. Factors such as the presence of metal oxides, high P and Ca contents, and high organic matter content can render water-content effect on virus removal and inactivation from significant to minimal.

	Mineralogy of a Zerovalent Iron Reactive Barrier

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Understanding long-term mineralogical transformations that have occurred in existing zerovalent Fe reactive barriers will help improve the design and operation of new barriers. Phillips et al. (p. 2033 –2045) report an increase in mineral precipitation, Fe oxidation, and cementation in the zerovalent Fe barrier at the Bear Creek Valley Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, TN, after 30 months of operation compared with a previous study performed 15 months after operation. In the zones where the Fe filings showed greater oxidation and corrosion, there was greater precipitation of goethite, lepidocrocite, aragonite, mackinawite, and amorphous FeS, compared with zones where green rust formed where oxidation and corrosion were absent or minimal. Many Fe minerals transformed into more crystalline structures, and corrosion and cementation of Fe filings increased within the last 15 months of operation, especially in the up-gradient interface where ground water enters the Fe portion of the barrier. If the degree of corrosion and cementation that was observed in the last 15 months of operation continues, highly corroded and oxidized portions of the barrier may last less than eight years, thus reducing the effectiveness of the barrier to mitigate contaminants.

	Removing Viruses from Drinking Water

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Microbiological contamination of drinking water remains one of the greatest challenges in public health risk management. New technologies and materials that can efficiently remove enteric viruses are urgently needed. You et al. (p. 2046 –2053) conducted batch and column experiments to evaluate the potential of using layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to remove water-borne viruses from aqueous systems. Results indicate that LDHs have very high sorption capacities for bacteriophage MS2 and the sorption is rapid. The lack of pH dependence of LDH sorption capacity suggests they would be effective sorbents under most environmental pH conditions. The viral removal efficiency of LDHs is compromised in systems where bivalent anions such as SO^2-₄ and HPO^2-₄ are present.

	Trace Element Mobility in Contaminated Soils

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Prediction of the effect of heavy metal pollutants on a terrestrial ecosystem after an accidental release requires assessment of their interaction with soils as well as their possible uptake by plants. The use of sequential extraction leaching experiments provides information on trace-metal mobility after changing environmental conditions, such as pH or E_H. Pueyo et al. (p. 2054 –2066) report on the application of a three-step sequential extraction procedure to soils affected by an accidental spill comprising arsenopyrite- and heavy metal–enriched sludge particles and acid waste waters. The major element (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn) extracted in each step revealed the main soil fractions solubilized, and in turn enabled detection of pyritic sludge particles. Results from the first step extraction allowed classification of the trace elements studied as mobile (Cd, Zn, and Cu) or poorly mobile (Pb, As, Tl, and Bi). Data from sequential extractions were compared with trace element concentration in plants growing in the contaminated area. The relative sequence of trace element mobility compared well with that predicted from the first step data.

	Peats Leach at a Microbial Pace

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Peat soil can geochemically accumulate trace elements that are gradually released when peatlands are drained for agriculture, potentially affecting both plant growth and downstream water quality. Qureshi et al. (p. 2067 –2075) used incubation temperatures (4, 16, 28, and 37°C) to vary the microbial activity in two trace metal–bearing peats (one acidic, the other with neutral pH) from New York (USA) and used periodic leaching to measure the trace element release from these soils. Microbial respiration and total losses of S, dissolved organic C, and trace elements in leachate followed the same general ranking pattern of 28 > 16 > 4 > 37°C, with losses typically greater from the acidic peat. Maximum losses measured were 15 to 22% of As, Cd, Ni, and Zn from the acidic peat incubated at 28°C. The correlation of respiration with leachate losses indicates that microbial processes mediated the release of trace elements from peat soils.

	Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI) Reduction

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Experimental results by Tzou et al. (p. 2076 –2084) show that dissolved organic compounds reduced Cr(VI) slowly under laboratory light; however, Cr(VI) reduction was greatly enhanced when growth chamber light was applied. Low photon flux (i.e., laboratory light) only enhanced Cr(VI) reduction by organics when Fe(III) was also present, because the Fe(II)–Fe(III) redox couple accelerated electron transfer and decreased electrostatic repulsion between reactants. Laboratory light was required to initiate Cr(VI) reduction catalyzed by TiO₂; nonetheless, light-catalyzed Cr(VI) reduction by smectite and ferrihydrite could occur only when greater light energy was provided with a growth chamber light. Results suggest a potential pathway for Cr(VI) reduction using naturally occurring organic compounds and colloids in acidic water systems with surface soils where light is available.

	Mercury in Wetland Wildlife

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Mercury in the wildlife of certain pristine ecosystems continues to increase for reasons that are not immediately evident. Siciliano et al. (p. 2085 –2094) investigated how bedrock lithology influenced methylmercury concentrations in wetlands. Twenty-five different wetlands over four different lithologies were assessed for a variety of chemical and biological parameters and then related to methylmercury concentrations. Levels of methylmercury in wetlands were highly dependent on the lithology for largely biological reasons related to methylmercury production and sulfate reducing bacterial community composition.

	Floc Colloids Selectively Bind Metals

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Activated sludge flocs from wastewater treatment systems are rich in metal binding matrices whose colloidal nature must become better understood for optimal removal and recovery of bound toxic metals. Leppard et al. (p. 2100 –2108) report that metals in wastewater can be immobilized as nano-scale agglomerations onto diverse colloidal surfaces differentially within a floc, according to the specific metal of interest and specific nature of the colloidal matrix material. With transmission electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive spectroscopy, applied on a "per colloid" basis, 100% of the Ag was confined to extracellular matrices, 100% of the Pb was confined to intracellular granules of bacteria, and the Al was partitioned between bacterial cytoplasm and extracellular polymers. Characterizations of the diverse colloidal matrices by analytical electron microscopy were accompanied by multimethod descriptions of representative flocs in the wastewater. Descriptions of floc chemistry, microbiology, size, shape, density, porosity, bound water content, and settling properties were correlated with observations on floc architecture and metal accumulation. These correlations suggest how nano-scale information might contribute to improved cost-effectiveness in wastewater treatment.

	Major and Trace Elements of Selected Pedons

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Few studies of soil geochemistry over large geographic areas exist, especially studies encompassing data from major pedogenic horizons that evaluate both native concentrations of elements and anthropogenically contaminated soils. Pedons (n = 486) from across the USA were analyzed by Burt et al. (p. 2109 –2121) for selected trace and major elements, as well as other soil properties, to determine the concentration range of elements, examine elemental content versus source material, and evaluate data relationships. Trace element concentrations in the non-anthropogenic data were in the order Mn > (Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu) > (Pb, Co) > (Cd, Hg). Most significant correlations of trace elements were with total Al, Fe, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic C, pH, and clay. Total Fe had one of the strongest relationships, explaining 55 and 30% of the variation in total trace element concentrations in the non-anthropogenic and anthropogenic data, respectively.

	Clover Residue May Enhance Copper Mobility

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Agricultural land management practices that encourage the application or buildup of plant residues have many potential benefits, but may also increase metal mobility in soils. Merritt and Erich (p. 2122 –2131) studied the chemistry of the soluble C extracted from fresh and decomposed wheat straw and crimson clover plant residue. There was clear evidence of an increase in structural complexity in the soluble C released during the decomposition of both wheat and crimson clover. Soluble C from both residues complexed with Cu. For the low molecular weight fraction of the C, the Cu binding capacity increased with the increasing structural complexity that occurred during decomposition. Crimson clover generated soluble C containing a significant amount of low molecular weight material even after eight weeks of decomposition, and therefore has the potential to enhance Cu mobility as it decomposes.

	Earthworms Tunnel through Midwestern Agroecosystems

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Earthworms affect soil structure and the movement of agrochemicals. Shuster et al. (p. 2132 –2139) explored the multifaceted relationship between typical Midwestern U.S. agroecosystems and earthworm communities with and without deep-burrowing species. Based on more than three years of leachate volume and quality data from lysimeters installed in chisel- and ridge-tilled agroecosystems, leachate losses were similar among agroecosystems, but chisel-till plots with added deep-burrowing earthworms produced more leachate and in the range of 4.5 to 45.2% above ambient. There was a similar trend in losses of both dissolved inorganic and organic N compounds. The extent of leaching and nutrient loss are regulated by the type of agroecosystem and its productivity, and can be influenced by its capacity for supporting populations of deep-burrowing earthworms.

	Phosphorus Delivery in the Iowa Clear Lake Agricultural Watershed

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Many water bodies are impaired because of increased P concentration, and agricultural fields often are considered a primary P source. Klatt et al. (p. 2140 –2149) found that more than 50% of soils in the agricultural watershed of Clear Lake in Iowa tested above optimum levels for crops. Most of the area was managed with row crops under tillage, and 40% of the high-testing area was being fertilized. The mean annual total P concentration in water discharge from five basins was five to eight times larger than concentrations suggested by the USEPA to maintain water quality. Water P concentrations increased linearly with increasing soil P measured by various agronomic and environmental soil P tests, although the Mehlich-3 agronomic test and an environmental test based on FeO-impregnated paper were the best correlated with water P concentration. Improving P and soil conservation practices in high-testing areas of the watershed should reduce P loads to the lake and alleviate water quality impairment.

	Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff

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Johansen et al. (p. 2150 –2157) used rainfall simulation methods to quantify changes in concentration of a widely dispersed environmental contaminant (global fallout ¹³⁷Cs) in soils and surface water runoff following a major forest fire. The ¹³⁷Cs concentrations at the ground surface increased up to 40 times in ash deposits and three times for the topmost 50 mm of soil, compared with pre-fire soils. Average redistribution rates in surface water runoff were about one order of magnitude greater for burned plots compared with unburned plots. The greatest surface water transport of ¹³⁷Cs occurred at the plot with the greatest amount of ground cover removal (80% bare soil) following fire. Results provide evidence of order of magnitude concentration increases of a fallout radionuclide as a result of forest fire and rapid transport of radionuclides following fire that may have important implications for a wide range of geophysical, ecosystem, fire management, and risk-based issues.

	Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and Ground Water Nitrate in Two Small Watersheds

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Changes in agricultural management can minimize NO₃–N leaching, but the time needed to improve ground water quality is uncertain. In Iowa, two small research watersheds (30 and 34 ha) were similarly managed in continuous corn from 1964 through 1995, except one received nearly triple the agronomic rate of N fertilizer from 1969 until 1974. Tomer and Burkart (p. 2158 –2171) show that these experimental applications still affect ground and surface water in the receiving watershed. Ground water hydrology, tritium activity in ground water, and a historical record of N in deep sediment provided three independent lines of evidence that supported this conclusion. Even in small watersheds, agricultural practices can influence water quality for decades.

	Plot Scale Affects Overland Flow and Phosphorus Transport

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Portable rainfall simulators and temporarily bounded plots are frequently used to study the relationship between soil management and P loss in runoff, because of the time, expense, and uncertainty involved in natural rainfall and field-sized experiments. Sharpley and Kleinman (p. 2172 –2179) found that although absolute losses of P varied with field size and between man-made and natural rainfall, processes governing the release of P from soil and transport in runoff were the same. Thus, it is possible with small temporary plots and man-made rainfall generated by portable equipment to identify soil management effects on P loss and determine environmental thresholds for soil P required by farm nutrient management planners.

	Cotton Defoliant Runoff

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Recently, runoff of a widely used cotton defoliant active ingredient, tribufos, was identified as an ecological risk; however, assessments were not supported by field data. To assess its runoff potential, simulated rainfall was applied to treated plots under conventional and strip-tillage management in a cotton field in Georgia (USA) by Potter et al. (p. 2180 –2188). Tribufos behavior was compared with two other defoliant active ingredients, thidiazuron and dimethipin. Simulated rainfall timing relative to defoliant application represented an extreme worst case, although not unrealistic, scenario for the region. Results provide an estimate of the maximum amount of these compounds that will run off. This should improve the accuracy and facilitate comparative risk assessments of defoliant use in cotton.

	Simulating Pesticide Leaching and Runoff in Rice Paddies

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There is a need to simulate leaching and runoff of pesticide from rice paddies for assessing environmental effects on a valuable agricultural system. Miao et al. (p. 2189 –2199) developed a model for determining predicted environmental concentration (PECs) in soil, runoff, and ground water through the linkage of two models, RICEWQ and VADOFT, to simulate pesticide fate and transport within a rice paddy and underlying soil profile. Predictions of amount of pesticide running off from the paddy field and accumulating in the paddy sediment were in agreement with measured values. The combined model is an effective tool for exposure assessments for soil, surface water, and ground water in the particular conditions of rice cultivation.

	Suspended Materials in Agricultural Runoff Carry Pesticides

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Agricultural runoff material might be an important carrier for pesticides in aquatic ecosystems. Wu et al. (p. 2200 –2206) found that propiconazole, a widely used fungicide, has a high sorbtivity to runoff material, in particular the small particles, and the desorption process proceeds very slowly. The major portion of propiconazole (about 80%) was associated with the coarse particle and aggregate fractions (2 µm–2 mm), which settle rapidly and incorporate into depositional sediments. The <2-µm fraction, which has slow settling velocity and can travel over a longer distance, accounted for about 20% of the bound propiconazole. The <0.16-µm colloidal fraction was responsible only for 0.4% of the sorbed propiconazole due to its low mass percentage in the runoff material. Binding of propiconazole to particulate runoff material will influence the settling and transport pattern of the pesticide, processes that should be considered for runoff water with heavy sediment loading.

	Dissipation of Parathion and Paraoxon in Soil

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Toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide parathion for nontarget organisms of soil has been the subject of extensive research. Saffih-Hdadi et al. (p. 2207 –2215) investigated in laboratory experiments the distribution of parathion and its highly toxic metabolite paraoxon between the soluble and sorbed pools in soil. A kinetic model was developed to describe the sorption and biodegradation rates of parathion, taking into account the production, retention, and biodegradation of paraoxon. The model predicted a quantity of metabolite in the liquid phase amounting to 1% of the quantity of parathion initially applied. This was in agreement with experimental data.

	Soil Management Effect on 14C-Atrazine Behavior

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Atrazine behavior was studied in four surface soils chosen in relation to their cropping management and crop rotation system. Atrazine behavior was characterized through the balance of ¹⁴C-U-ring atrazine radioactivity among the mineralized fraction, the extractable fraction, and bound residues. Soil organic matter capacity to form bound residues was characterized using soil size fractionation. Hang et al. (p. 2216 –2222) report that accelerated atrazine mineralization was related to repeated atrazine application in the soil due to development of a microflora adapted to triazine ring mineralization. Bound residue formation was rapid and increased with soil organic matter content. The nonhumified organic matter presented the highest capacity to form bound residues.

	No Formulation Effect for Fumigant

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The fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) is used for pre-plant control of parasitic nematodes in soil. 1,3-Dichloropropene is formulated for soil fumigation as Telone II for shank application and as an emulsifiable concentrate (Telone EC or InLine) for drip application. Kim et al. (p. 2223 –2229) found that, in general, differences in the rate of 1,3-D transformation and phase partitioning due to formulation as Telone II or Telone EC were very small. Packed soil columns were used to indicate that for drip application of fumigants to be effective in reducing emissions, the fumigant must be applied at sufficient depths to prevent rapid volatilization from the soil surface if the water application rate does not sufficiently restrict vapor diffusion. This knowledge will be useful in designing application protocols that achieve more consistent and uniform pest control and minimize fumigant emissions.

	Fluoridated Plants

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Municipal water fluoridation and fluorine (F) contaminants from anthropogenic sources have renewed interest in F bioavailability and plant uptake. Mackowiak et al. (p. 2230 –2237) report that F uptake by rice shoots increased exponentially with a linear increase in solution F but little F partitioned into the grain. Fluorine was primarily taken up as the hydrogen fluoride (HF⁰) aqueous species rather than fluoride (F^-). Calcium provided at solution levels equal to F (2 mM) resulted in a high degree of calcium fluoride (CaF₂) formation on plant root surfaces and reduced F uptake by 20% compared with Ca provided at 1 mM. Thus, F bioavailability would be lowest in alkaline soils, where aqueous HF⁰ levels are lower, and in soils containing high levels of soluble Ca that result in F control by CaF₂ solubility.

	Response of Two Ornamental Species to Sea Aerosol

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
The effects of sea aerosol and pollution by surfactants on coastal vegetation can be different depending on the species. Sánchez-Blanco et al. (p. 2238 –2244) report that the response of dwarf sea-lavender [Limonium pectinatum (Aiton) O. Kuntze] and marguerite [Argyranthemum coronopifolium (Willd.) C.J. Humphries] to sea aerosol was related to the degree of salinity tolerance of both species. Marguerite was more sensitive and showed significant growth reduction as a consequence of the accumulation of salts in the tissue. The presence of surfactant enhanced foliar absorption of salt, causing lower leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Dwarf sea-lavender was more efficient at decreasing the toxic salt content of the tissues and its growth and ornamental characteristics were not affected. This study may be useful in mitigating the effects of pollution by selecting adequate species.

	Barley for Oil Sands Reclamation

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The reclamation of freshly produced saline composite tailings (CT) is a challenge for the oil sand industry in Canada. Renault et al. (p. 2245 –2253) designed a greenhouse study to determine the suitability of barley for initial reclamation of fresh CT deposits and to evaluate the benefit of peat amendments. The CT substrate reduced germination rates and plant survival, causing injury and reduction in growth. Peat amendment improved germination, survival, and minimized growth reduction of barley, but it did not prevent leaf injury, probably due to high accumulation Na and Cl and possible nutrient deficiency. Results suggest that addition of amendment will be required and barley could be used to remove salts from the ecosystem and enable the reestablishment of a forest ecosystem. To validate these results, field studies will be undertaken.

	Season Affects Radioactivity in Strawberries

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Level of contaminants in the edible parts of plants depends on the season when the contaminants are released into the agricultural environment. Carini et al. (p. 2254 –2264) report that strawberry plants contaminated in different seasons concentrated different quantities of radionuclides in their fruits. Radioactive Cs and Sr were sprinkled on the aboveground part of plants in fall, spring, or summer. Fruits picked at maturation contained more Cs after contamination in spring, but more Sr after contamination in summer. Cesium was more allocated to fruits, while Sr remained in leaves. The physiology of plants in the different seasons affects the cycle of radionuclides among its components.

	Pine Needles as Bioindicators of Air Pollution

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Robles et al. (p. 2265 –2271) studied whether phenol and flavonoid responses in the needles of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) can be used as bioindicators of air quality. Results show a decrease in total phenol concentrations with levels of nitrogen oxide pollution. In addition, total flavonoids are useful bioindicators for ozone pollution; quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol are characteristic of low concentrations in sulfur dioxide pollution. This work confirms the strong interest of using the phenolic compounds of Aleppo pine as biological indicators of air quality.

	Uptake and Release of Cesium-137 by Plants as Influenced by Soil Amendments

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Phytoextraction field experiments were conducted by Fuhrmann et al. (p. 2272 –2279) on soil contaminated with ¹³⁷Cs to determine the capacity of five plant species to accumulate ¹³⁷Cs and the effects of three soil treatments on uptake. With a combination of composted manure and application of ammonium nitrate solution, the fraction of ¹³⁷Cs taken up from the soil was reduced by 57% compared with controls. This was the result of release of competing ions, primarily Ca, released from manure and was observed across all five plant species tested. Application of ammonium solution took place in the last two weeks before harvest. Reduction of plant ¹³⁷Cs content, by addition of ammonium solution, as it interacted with manure, indicates that substantial quantities of ¹³⁷Cs can be released from shoots of plants as a result of sudden changes in soil solution chemistry.

	Revisiting Nitrate Concentrations in the Des Moines River

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Recent compilations of historical and contemporary data indicate that nitrate (NO₃) concentrations in many rivers in the North Central USA increased during the second half of the 20th century. The Des Moines River appeared to be an exception because a previous study had concluded that NO₃ concentration in the 1980s was similar to the average concentration in 1945, in spite of substantial increases in N input to the watershed since 1945. McIsaac and Libra (p. 2280 –2289) discovered that the earlier study had inadvertently compared flow-weighted average concentration in 1945 to arithmetic annual average concentrations in the 1980s. The long-term comparison also appeared to be influenced by differences in sample collection methods and locations used at different times. The flow-weighted average NO₃ concentration for 1945 was between 54 and 73% of the expected mean value at a similar water yield during 1976 to 2001.

	Lake Chemistry from Soil Properties?

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The current method for calculating how much acid deposition a lake can tolerate (the critical load) relies on contemporary water chemistry that results in different critical loads depending on when the lakes are sampled. That is a problem because a critical load should be a stable quantity of an ecosystem. Rapp and Bishop (p. 2290 –2300) explore an alternative way to proceed by using soil properties that are more stable in time than lake chemistry. As there is a general lack of soil data to characterize individual lake catchments, a regional approach was suggested where distributions of important soil properties were used. An important issue to overcome before this approach is viable is the question of how to characterize the catchment hydrology.

	Chemical Composition of Overland Flow Water

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Movement of nutrients from soils can accelerate the natural eutrophication of lakes. Langlois and Mehuys (p. 2301 –2310) report that, at field scale and in contrast with results from plot studies, cation (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) and anion (phosphate, nitrate, and sulfate) concentrations in overland flow water increased during each rain event generating hysteresis behavior. Using a method developed to quantify the hysteresis phenomenon, two hypotheses are suggested to explain these variations. First, because suspended sediments were positively correlated with discharge, suspended sediments acted as a sink for dissolved nutrients and sensitivity of nutrients to hydrological conditions was determined by their preferential sorption on these sediments. Second, movement of nutrients into runoff water occurred more readily as soils became wetter during an event.

	Targeted Sampling Protocol as Prelude to Bacterial Source Tracking

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A targeted sampling protocol, based on the children's game "hot and cold," was developed by Kuntz et al. (p. 2311 –2318) to identify persistent sources of fecal contamination. Targeted sampling was useful as a prelude to bacterial source tracking (BST) because it restricted BST to a small geographic area and required sampling to be completed in one day. The protocol minimized bacterial subspecies change with geography and time, and eliminated the need for BST to have a permanent host origin database.

	Preferential Herbicide Retention in Grass Filter Strips

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Vegetated filter strips potentially reduce the off-site movement of herbicides from adjacent agricultural fields by increasing herbicide mass infiltrated and mass adsorbed compared with bare field soil. However, there are conflicting reports concerning the contribution of mass adsorbed to herbicide trapping efficiency in vegetated filter strips. Krutz et al. (p. 2319 –2324) report that herbicide adsorption to vegetative filter strip grass, grass thatch, and/or soil surface is an important retention mechanism, especially under saturated conditions. Moreover, atrazine was preferentially retained by the buffalograss filter strip compared with several atrazine metabolites including diaminoatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, desethylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine. Preferential herbicide retention in vegetative filter strips appears to be associated with hydrophobic interactions among compounds and the vegetative filter strip grass, grass thatch, and/or soil surface.

	Nutrient Management Reduces Phosphorus Losses

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An upward trend in soluble P concentrations in Northern Ireland rivers leading to increased eutrophication has been reported for the last two decades. Direct evidence that the source of the increase is diffuse P losses from agriculture comes from a long-term study by Smith et al. (p. 2334 –2340). They show that during 1989 to 1997 there was a significant upward trend in median concentrations of soluble P in drainflow from a grassland catchment. However, during 1998 to 2000 a change of management was introduced in the catchment when only maintenance dressings of P fertilizer were applied. This resulted in significant reductions in P concentrations in 2000 compared with 1997. This is an encouraging result and suggests that response to lowering P inputs to grassland soils can be relatively rapid.

	Macropore Flow Effect on Pesticide Leaching

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Fast movement of pesticides through soil macropores increases the risk of ground water contamination, while parameterization of models describing macropore flow remains a difficult task. Roulier and Jarvis (p. 2341 –2353) show that (i) inverse modeling is a reliable method for deriving key parameters governing the strength of macropore flow and pesticide leaching in a dual-permeability model and (ii) these parameters are related to fundamental soil properties. Strong evidence of macropore flow was highlighted in fine-textured soil, leading to a rapid leaching of the pesticide. On the other hand, macropore flow was less evident in organic rich soil with lower clay content, while large organic C content led to a strong adsorption. Links demonstrated between the observed variability in leaching characteristics (and the associated key model parameters) and fundamental soil properties suggest that some potential exists to develop pedotransfer functions for the estimation of parameters in dual-permeability models that regulate macropore flow.

	Aluminum Effect on Dissolution and Precipitation: Liquid Phase Transformations

TOP Enhancing Phytoextraction Phosphorus Restrictions for Land... Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions... Rice Methane Emissions: Warming... Grasses Kill Herbicides in... Arsenic Tolerance of Basin... Virus Transport in Soil... Mineralogy of a Zerovalent... Removing Viruses from Drinking... Trace Element Mobility in... Peats Leach at a... Light-Catalyzed Chromium(VI)... Mercury in Wetland Wildlife Floc Colloids Selectively Bind... Major and Trace Elements... Clover Residue May Enhance... Earthworms Tunnel through... Phosphorus Delivery in the... Cesium-137 in Post-Fire Runoff Nitrogen Fertilizer Use and... Plot Scale Affects Overland... Cotton Defoliant Runoff Simulating Pesticide Leaching... Suspended Materials in... Dissipation of Parathion and... Soil Management Effect on... No Formulation Effect for... Fluoridated Plants Response of Two Ornamental... Barley for Oil Sands... Season Affects Radioactivity in... Pine Needles as Bioindicators... Uptake and Release of... Revisiting Nitrate... Lake Chemistry from Soil... Chemical Composition of Overland... Targeted Sampling Protocol as... Preferential Herbicide Retention... Nutrient Management Reduces... Macropore Flow Effect on... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Aluminum Effect on Dissolution... Acid Mine Drainage Prediction An Integrated Approach to... Surfactant-Modified Zeolite... Incorporating Litter Cleans... Volatile Solids Content Affects... Quantifying Sulfate... Within-Wetland Surfaces Affect... Pollutant Transformation in... Trace Elements Accumulate in... Nitrification-Denitrification in...

 
Base-induced dissolution of soil minerals and subsequent precipitation of secondary phases were studied in the Hanford sediments treated with Al-rich, hyperalkaline, and saline solutions by Qafoku et al. (p. 2354 –2363). Because Al decreased the free aqueous OH concentration and possibly inhibited dissolution, the extent of dissolution depended on aqueous Al concentration. In addition, aqueous Al attenuation occurred during experiments, indicating the formation of Al-rich secondary phases.