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Published in J. Environ. Qual. 32:1782-1789 (2003).
© 2003 ASA, CSSA, SSSA
677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA

TECHNICAL REPORTS

Surface Water Quality

Manure History and Long-Term Tillage Effects on Soil Properties and Phosphorus Losses in Runoff

Todd W. Andraski*,a, Larry G. Bundya and Kenneth C. Kilianb

a Department of Soil Science, 1525 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1299
b School of Agriculture, 808 Pioneer Tower, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI 53818-3099

* Corresponding author (andraski{at}wisc.edu).

Received for publication July 1, 2002.

   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Manure additions to cropland can reduce total P losses in runoff on well-drained soils due to increased infiltration and reduced soil erosion. Surface residue management in subsequent years may influence the long-term risk of P losses as the manure-supplied organic matter decomposes. The effects of manure history and long-term (8-yr) tillage [chisel plow (CP) and no-till (NT)] on P levels in runoff in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) were investigated on well-drained silt loam soils of southern and southwestern Wisconsin. Soil P levels (0–15 cm) increased with the frequency of manure applications and P stratification was greater near the surface (0–5 cm) in NT than CP. In CP, soil test P level was linearly related to dissolved P (24–105 g ha-1) and bioavailable P (64–272 g ha-1) loads in runoff, but not total P (653–1893 g ha-1). In NT, P loads were reduced by an average of 57% for dissolved P, 70% for bioavailable P, and 91% for total P compared with CP. This reduction was due to lower sediment concentrations and/or lower runoff volumes in NT. There was no relationship between soil test P levels and runoff P concentrations or loads in NT. Long-term manure P applications in excess of P removal by corn in CP systems ultimately increased the potential for greater dissolved and bioavailable P losses in runoff by increasing soil P levels. Maintaining high surface residue cover such as those found in long-term NT corn production systems can mitigate this risk in addition to reducing sediment and particulate P losses.

Abbreviations: BAP, bioavailable phosphorus • CP-, long-term chisel plow without a manure history, CP+, long-term chisel plow with a manure history • DP, dissolved phosphorus • NT-, long-term no-till without a manure history • NT+, long-term no-till with a manure history • TP, total phosphorus


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
LAND APPLICATION OF manure to cropland is often the only practical management option for livestock producers but can lead to increased P losses in runoff to surface waters potentially increasing the rate of eutrophication (Daniel et al., 1994). Manure additions have been shown to increase, decrease, or have no effect on P losses in surface runoff from agricultural lands depending on the P fraction measured in runoff, manure characteristics, the time and method of manure application, time since the most recent manure application, climate and rainfall, soil characteristics, and crop management practices (Hensler et al., 1970; Converse et al., 1976; Klausner et al., 1976; Young and Mutchler, 1976; Young and Holt, 1977; Wendt and Corey, 1980; Mueller et al., 1984b; Edwards and Daniel, 1993; Liu et al., 1997; Ginting et al., 1998b; Eghball and Gilley, 1999; Sauer et al., 1999; Wood et al., 1999; Bundy et al., 2001; Withers et al., 2001; Ebeling et al., 2002). Studies showing improved runoff water quality were conducted on well-drained soils planted to row crops and usually showed greater infiltration and reduced soil loss due to manure-supplied organic matter (Young and Mutchler, 1976; Young and Holt, 1977; Wendt and Corey, 1980; Mueller et al., 1984a; Ginting et al., 1998a; Gilley and Risse, 2000; Bundy et al., 2001).

Decomposition of manure-supplied organic matter over time will probably reduce the beneficial effects of manure on infiltration and soil erosion. Runoff P losses may increase due to higher soil P levels if manure has been applied at P rates greater than crop removal. Studies have shown that dissolved phosphorus (DP) concentrations in runoff are highly dependent on soil test P levels from pastureland and row crop production systems (Sharpley et al., 1977, 1978, 1994; Daniel et al., 1994; Pote et al., 1996, 1999; Cox and Hendricks, 2000; Andraski and Bundy, 2003). However, the DP fraction of total P in runoff is inversely related to sediment loss as a function of soil surface cover in the form of vegetation or crop residue (Sharpley et al., 1992). Unlike pastureland systems where most of the P in runoff is in the DP form, particulate P is the dominant fraction of total phosphorus (TP) in runoff from corn production systems and TP losses are generally unrelated to soil test P levels (Andraski and Bundy, 2003). A recent study showed that spring manure additions reduced sediment loads in runoff by 76% in the application year in corn production systems, subsequently reducing TP losses without increasing DP losses due to a 60% reduction of runoff volume (Bundy et al., 2001). This same study reports that biosolids applied two years before the study year reduced sediment losses by 36% but increased DP losses as reflected by higher soil test P levels in a chisel plow system; however, tillage and manure history effects on P losses were not evaluated. Incorporation of corn residue and manure-supplied organic matter into the soil will result in more rapid decomposition, potentially increasing runoff, sediment, and TP loads compared with no-till systems.

We hypothesized that manure history effects on P losses in runoff are largely dependent on long-term surface residue management on well-drained soils. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine manure history (2–4 yr after most recent application) and long-term tillage (no-till and chisel plow) effects on P losses in runoff in corn production systems on well-drained silt loam soils and (ii) identify management practices that mitigate the potential for increased P losses in runoff where manure applications have increased soil P levels.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Field studies were conducted at Madison, WI on a Plano silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudoll) and at Lancaster, WI on a Rozetta silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Soil surface (0–2 cm) texture was 15% sand, 58% silt, and 27% clay at Madison, and 11% sand, 73% silt, and 16% clay at Lancaster. Corn was planted and grain was harvested annually with all corn residue returned to the field at both locations. The Madison study was established in 1994 and included various application histories of surface broadcast dairy manure applied in spring at a rate of 90 Mg ha-1 (230 g dry matter kg-1) containing 88 kg P ha-1. Tillage consisted of fall chisel plowing and field cultivating in the spring immediately following manure application. Treatments used in this study included a control (no manure) and three manure application histories (1995 and 1998, 1996 and 1999, and annually from 1994 to 1999).

The Lancaster study consisted of two fall surface-applied dairy manure rates (0 and 90 Mg ha-1 wet basis) from 1993 to 1997 and two tillage systems (fall chisel plow and no-till) from 1993 to present. Manure contained 79 kg P ha-1 with a dry matter content of 180 g kg-1. Secondary tillage in the chisel plow treatment consisted of spring disking before planting. The chisel plow used at both locations consisted of residue cutting disks followed by 7.6-cm-wide twisted shovels set to a 20-cm depth below the soil surface. All treatments included four replications at both locations.

Rainfall simulations were performed on the same plots in May 2000 before planting and in September 2000 following silage harvest at Lancaster, and in June 2001 at Madison. Steel plot frames (91 cm long by 91 cm wide by 30 cm high) were set in the soil at a 15-cm depth before simulated rain was applied. Corn plants within each plot frame were cut near the base and removed before rainfall simulations at Madison. Simulated rainfall was applied using a portable, multiple-intensity rainfall simulator (Meyer and Harmon, 1979) equipped with a Veejet 80150 nozzle (Spraying Systems, Wheaton, IL) located 3 m above the soil surface delivering an application rate of 75 mm h-1 with a corresponding energy of 0.278 MJ ha-1 mm-1. This rainfall intensity has a recurrence interval of about 50 yr for southern and southwestern Wisconsin (Huff and Angel, 1992). Runoff was collected on the downslope side of the plot frame and continuously removed by a 0.02-MPa vacuum (Dixon and Peterson, 1968) and placed in a holding tank. Runoff was collected for a 60-min period following the onset of simulated rainfall, and the total volume of runoff from each plot was recorded. After mixing to resuspend sediment, subsamples of the runoff were obtained for sediment, dissolved phosphorus (DP), bioavailable phosphorus (BAP), and total phosphorus (TP) determinations. The subsample for DP determination was filtered (0.45-µm pore diameter) immediately in the field. Subsamples for TP determination were acidified to 0.01 M H2SO4 (USEPA, 1993). All subsamples were frozen until analyses were performed. Sediment concentration in runoff was determined by weighing before and after drying at 105°C. Dissolved P in runoff filtrate samples was determined using the ascorbic acid method (Murphy and Riley, 1962). Bioavailable P in unfiltered runoff samples was determined using the iron-oxide paper strip method (Sharpley, 1993). Runoff samples collected in May at Lancaster were not analyzed for BAP. Total P was determined by ammonium persulfate and sulfuric acid digestion on aliquots of unfiltered runoff suspension (USEPA, 1993).

Slope and surface residue cover determined using the pin-drop method (Morrison et al., 1996) were measured for each plot before simulated rainfall application. Average slope was 3% at Madison and 6% at Lancaster. Soil samples were obtained at three depth increments (0–2, 2–5, and 5–15 cm) from the outside perimeter of each plot frame before simulated rainfall application and were dried at 32°C, ground to pass a 2-mm sieve, and extracted for P using the Bray P1 method (Frank et al., 1998). Phosphorus in the soil extracts was determined colorimetrically using the ascorbic acid method. Soil organic matter (0–2 cm) was determined by the loss of weight on ignition method (Storer, 1984; Combs and Nathan, 1998).

An analysis of variance using PROC GLM and regression analysis using PROC REG (SAS Institute, 1992) were performed on the data. Significant differences among treatment means were evaluated using Duncan's multiple range test for mean separation at the 0.05 probability level.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Manure History—Chisel Plow (Madison)
Soil test P levels increased due to past manure additions and were related to the number of years manure was applied but not to the number of years since the most recent application (Fig. 1) . Minimal soil P stratification was apparent at three depth increments (0–2, 2–5, and 5–15 cm) due to annual chisel plowing. Soil test P concentrations (0–15 cm) in June 2001 were 20 mg kg-1 for the control (none), 33 mg kg-1 where manure was applied in 1995 and 1998, 42 mg kg-1 where manure was applied in 1996 and 1999, and 104 mg kg-1 where manure was applied annually from 1994 to 1999.



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  		Fig. 1. Manure history effect on Bray P1–extractable soil P levels at three depth increments (0–2, 2–5, and 5–15 cm) in a long-term chisel plow system at Madison, Wisconsin, 2001. None, no manure; 1995 & 1998 and 1996 & 1999, manure applied only in these two years; 1994 to 1999, manure applied annually for six years during this period. Standard error bars are provided for replicate soil test P values.

 
Soil organic matter content (0–2 cm) ranged from 30 to 39 g kg-1 and was significantly higher where manure was applied annually from 1994 to 1999 compared with the other treatments (Table 1). Surface corn residue cover ranged from 16 to 21% and runoff amounts ranged from 42 to 48 mm and were not significantly different among treatments (Table 1).


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  		Table 1. Manure history effects on soil organic matter content (0–2 cm), surface corn residue cover, and runoff in a long-term chisel plow system at Madison, Wisconsin, 2001.

 
Dissolved P concentrations in runoff were significantly higher for the 1994 to 1999 annual manure treatment (0.25 mg L-1) compared with the remaining treatments (0.05–0.12 mg L-1) (Table 2). There was no difference in DP concentration between the control and treatments with manure applied every third year. Bioavailable P concentrations in runoff increased with the frequency of manure application and averaged 0.13 mg L-1 in the control, 0.22 mg L-1 with manure applied every third year, and 0.39 mg L-1 where manure was applied annually from 1994 to 1999 (Table 2). Total P concentrations in runoff were not significantly affected by the frequency of manure application or the time since the most recent manure application (Table 2). The absence of manure history effects on TP concentrations (1.51–1.80 mg L-1) appears to be related to the decline in sediment concentrations (thus particulate P) as manure applications became more frequent or where manure was recently applied (Table 2). Sediment concentrations ranged from 2.47 to 5.34 g L-1 and increased in the order: 1994 to 1999 < 1996 and 1999 <= 1995 and 1998 <= control.


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  		Table 2. Manure history effects on P and sediment concentrations in runoff in a long-term chisel plow system at Madison, Wisconsin, 2001.

 
Dissolved P and BAP loads in runoff were significantly higher where manure was annually applied from 1994 to 1999 due to higher runoff concentrations of these P forms compared with other treatments (Table 3). Total P loads in runoff ranged from 653 to 845 g ha-1 among manure history treatments and were not significantly different, apparently due to the decline in sediment load (particulate P) as manure applications became more frequent or where manure was recently applied (Table 3). Sediment load was reduced where manure was applied annually from 1994 to 1999 (by 60%) and in 1996 and 1999 (by 30%) compared with the control. The correlation between soil organic matter (0–2 cm) and sediment concentration (r = -0.65) and load (r = -0.64) was highly significant (P < 0.001). Manure containing high organic matter content apparently increased soil organic matter and aggregate stability, thus reducing soil erosion and minimizing differences in TP loss for several years following the most recent application.


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  		Table 3. Manure history effects on P and sediment loads in runoff in a long-term chisel plow system at Madison, Wisconsin, 2001.

 
Significant linear relationships occurred between soil test P level (0–2 cm) and runoff concentrations of DP (r2 = 0.67) and BAP (r2 = 0.78), but not TP (r2 = 0.01). Similar r2 values occurred between soil test P level and runoff loads of DP (r2 = 0.64), BAP (r2 = 0.72), and TP (r2 = 0.04) due to similar runoff amounts among treatments (Fig. 2) . The poor relationship between soil test P level and TP in runoff is not surprising since TP is primarily a function of sediment content. As previously discussed, manure reduced sediment loss in runoff while increasing soil test P levels. These results indicate the value of using soil P testing for predicting potential DP and BAP concentrations, and possibly loads if runoff quantities are similar. As soil test P level increased from 20 to 100 mg kg-1, the DP fraction of the TP load increased from 4 to 15% and the BAP fraction of the TP load increased from 10 to 23%. The increased proportion of DP and BAP to TP loads in runoff as soil test P levels increase shows that reducing agronomic soil test P levels from excessive to optimum levels for crop production will reduce the potential for P losses in the DP and BAP forms in tilled corn production systems.



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  		Fig. 2. Relationship between Bray P1–extractable soil P level (0–2 cm) and dissolved P, bioavailable P, and total P loads in runoff in a long-term chisel plow system at Madison, Wisconsin, 2001.

 
Manure History—Chisel Plow and No-Till (Lancaster)
Soil test P levels were about two times higher in plots with a manure history (+) compared with nonmanured plots (-) in both chisel plow (CP) and no-till (NT) (Fig. 3) . Long-term tillage method caused marked differences in soil test P stratification between sampling depths. Soil test P levels were similar at all depth increments in CP- (P = 0.29) and CP+ (P = 0.33). Soil test P levels were significantly lower (P < 0.01) at the 5- to 15-cm depth increment compared with the 0- to 2- and 2- to 5-cm depth increments in NT- and NT+ due to the lack of incorporation of corn residue and/or manure. Average soil test P levels in NT were 27% higher in the top 5 cm and 34% lower at the 5- to 15-cm depth compared with CP. Soil test P values in the top 15 cm were 46 mg kg-1 for CP-, 90 mg kg-1 for CP+, 35 mg kg-1 for NT-, and 85 mg kg-1 for NT+. Soil test P levels (0–15 cm) were significantly higher in CP possibly due to greater mineralization of organic P compounds due to residue incorporation and higher soil temperatures generally associated with CP vs. high-residue NT systems (Dalal, 1977; Al-Darby and Lowery, 1987).



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  		Fig. 3. Manure history and long-term tillage effects on Bray P1–extractable soil P levels at three depth increments (0–2, 2–5, and 5–15 cm) at Lancaster, Wisconsin, 2000. CP-, long-term (annually since 1993) chisel plow without a manure history, NT-, long-term no-till without a manure history; CP+, long-term chisel plow with a manure history (applied annually from 1993 to 1997); NT+, long-term no-till with a manure history. Standard error bars are provided for replicate soil test P values.

 
Soil organic matter content (0–2 cm) ranged from 26 to 52 g kg-1 and increased in the order: CP- < CP+ < NT- < NT+ (Table 4). Surface corn residue cover ranged from 13 to 80% and increased in the order: CP- = CP+ < NT- < NT+ (Table 4). The higher residue cover in NT+ was probably the result of greater aboveground biomass production due to past manure applications; however, biomass production was not measured. Comparing surface cover in May and September showed similar surface residue decomposition rates (32%) among tillage and manure treatments. The correlation (r = 0.65) between surface cover and soil organic matter content was highly significant (P < 0.001).


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  		Table 4. Manure history (1993–1997) and long-term tillage (1993–present) effects on soil organic matter content (0–2 cm), surface corn residue cover, and runoff at Lancaster, Wisconsin, 2000.

 
Manure and tillage effects on runoff were identical in May and September and followed the order: NT+ < NT- < CP+ = CP- (Table 4). The relationship between surface corn residue cover and runoff is shown graphically in Fig. 4 . Average runoff amounts were 38 mm in CP where surface cover ranged from 7 to 32% (average 19%) compared with 12 mm in NT where surface cover ranged from 32 to 92% (average 61%) (Table 4). Manure history had no effect on the amount of runoff at low surface residue levels (CP), but runoff amounts were 60% lower for plots with a manure history as surface residue levels increased (NT). This interaction is probably related to the effect of tillage and incorporation on the decomposition and distribution of manure-supplied organic matter. However, runoff was more strongly correlated with surface cover (r = -0.91; P < 0.001) than with soil organic matter content (r = -0.68; P < 0.001) across all treatments. In NT, runoff was significantly correlated with surface cover (r = -0.66; P < 0.01) but not soil organic matter (P = 0.57). These results indicate that manure had a long-term effect on corn residue levels in the NT system, ultimately increasing infiltration. This long-term manure effect on infiltration in NT corn systems is probably dependent on numerous factors including soil and manure characteristics. Such characteristics may account for differences in runoff soon after manure application to NT corn, as several studies have reported a decrease or little change in runoff amounts (Mueller et al., 1984a; Bundy et al., 2001; Eghball and Gilley, 2001; Ebeling et al., 2002). In addition, manure effects on runoff amounts may be related to the time of application due to over-winter changes in soil physical properties in northern climates (Bundy et al., 2001).



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  		Fig. 4. Relationships between surface corn residue cover and runoff without (-) and with (+) a history of manure application (1993–1997) at Lancaster, Wisconsin, 2000.

 
Dissolved P concentrations in runoff ranged from 0.12 to 0.27 mg L-1 in May and increased in the order: CP- <= NT- <= NT+ = CP+ (Table 5). The interaction between tillage and manure appears to be the result of higher mean DP concentration in NT- compared with CP-. This may be due to higher amounts of mineralized P in corn residue recovered in runoff due to high residue levels (McDowell and McGregor, 1984; Schreiber, 1999). A similar trend occurred in September but was not significant (P = 0.15), apparently due to the high variability of DP concentrations among replications as indicated by the coefficient of variation (64%). Bioavailable P concentration in runoff in September was significantly higher in CP+ (0.74 mg L-1) than in CP- (0.40 mg L-1) and NT- (0.27 mg L-1), but not NT+ (0.50 mg L-1) (Table 5). The interaction between tillage and manure appears to be the result of higher mean BAP concentration in CP+ compared with NT+. The high surface cover in NT+ reduced sediment loss in runoff (Table 5) thus reducing the particulate P fraction of BAP.


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  		Table 5. Manure history (1993–1997) and long-term tillage (1993–present) effects on P and sediment concentrations in runoff at Lancaster, Wisconsin, 2000.

 
Total P concentrations in runoff were significantly higher in CP than in NT systems in May and September and ranged from 0.64 to 5.18 mg L-1 (Table 5). Manure history did not affect TP concentrations in NT, but CP+ was significantly higher than CP-. Total P concentrations increased from May to September by 16% in CP-, 38% in CP+, 65% in NT-, and 103% in NT+ due to higher sediment concentrations in September runoff (Table 5). Higher sediment concentration in September was apparently due to less surface cover resulting from residue decomposition. Total P and sediment concentrations in runoff were highly correlated (r = 0.94; P < 0.001), indicating that most of the TP was sediment-bound (i.e., particulate P). Surface residue cover was inversely related (P < 0.001) to both TP (r = -0.74) and sediment (r = -0.79) concentrations.

Dissolved P loads in runoff were highest in CP+ and ranged from 15 to 86 g ha-1 in May and 29 to 81 g ha-1 in September among treatments (Table 6). The higher load in CP+ compared with the other treatments was the result of lower DP concentration in CP- (Table 5) and lower runoff amounts in the NT systems (Table 4). Manure history effects on DP loads in NT were not significant due to lower runoff in NT+ compared with NT-. The higher DP load generally associated with CP- was due to greater runoff compared with NT.


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  		Table 6. Manure history (1993–1997) and long-term tillage (1993–present) effects on P and sediment loads in runoff at Lancaster, Wisconsin, 2000.

 
In September, BAP loads ranged from 41 to 272 g ha-1 and increased in the order: NT+ = NT- < CP- < CP+ (Table 6). The higher BAP load in CP+ compared with CP- was due to higher BAP concentration, whereas the higher loads in CP compared with NT were due to higher BAP concentrations and/or runoff amounts (Tables 4 and 5). Total P load in May and September was significantly affected by long-term tillage but not manure history (Table 6). Average TP load was more than 10 times higher in CP (1419 g ha-1) than in NT (132 g ha-1). The lower TP load in NT was due to lower TP concentration and less runoff compared with CP. Sediment load was also significantly higher in CP than NT, but the effect of manure history was not significant (Table 6). Unlike the Madison site, the lack of a manure history effect on sediment loss in the CP system was possibly due to lower organic matter content of the manure at Lancaster and/or differences in soil characteristics. Surface cover was inversely related (P < 0.001) to both TP (r = -0.81) and sediment loads (-0.78).

In the CP system, significant linear relationships occurred between soil test P level (0–2 cm) and runoff concentrations of DP (r2 = 0.77) and BAP (r2 = 0.59), but not TP (r2 = 0.32), verifying that a soil P test is a good indicator of dissolved P concentrations in runoff. The lower r2 values for the relationship between soil test P level and P loads of DP (r2 = 0.52), BAP (r2 = 0.37), and TP (r2 = 0.04) indicate that factors affecting runoff amounts need to be accounted for when predicting P loads (Fig. 5) . The r2 values for the relationship between soil test P level and P in runoff decreased as the P fraction measured included more sediment and/or particulate P (i.e., BAP, TP). In the NT system, no relationship between soil test P level and concentrations of DP (r2 = 0.04), BAP (r2 = 0.05), or TP (r2 = 0.02) in runoff occurred. The lack of a relationship between soil test P level and DP appears to be the result of higher DP concentrations at low soil test P levels (NT-), possibly due to higher amounts of mineralized P in corn residue recovered in runoff to high residue levels, as previously discussed. Although DP concentrations in NT- were higher than CP-, P loads of all fractions were markedly lower in NT due to increased infiltration and reduced sediment loss compared with CP (Fig. 5).



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  		Fig. 5. Relationships between Bray P1–extractable soil P level (0–2 cm) and dissolved P, bioavailable P, and total P loads in runoff in long-term chisel plow and no-till systems at Lancaster, Wisconsin, 2000.

 
The effect of surface residue cover on P loads in runoff with and without a manure history is shown in Fig. 6 . Dissolved P, BAP, and TP loads in runoff decreased significantly as surface corn residue cover increased. Dissolved P and BAP loads were significantly greater in plots with a manure history at low surface residue levels (CP) reflecting higher soil test P levels, but similar as residue levels increased (NT).



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  		Fig. 6. Relationships between surface corn residue cover and dissolved P, bioavailable P, and total P loads in runoff without (-) and with (+) a history of manure application (1993–1997) at Lancaster, Wisconsin, 2000.

 

   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
 
Soil test P levels were higher in plots with a long-term manure history and were related to the number of manure applications. Long-term NT had significantly higher soil P levels at the 0- to 5-cm depth and lower P levels at the 5- to 15-cm depth compared with CP, where P levels were similar at both depth increments due to annual tillage.

Results from this study indicate that manure history effects on runoff water quality depend on long-term tillage practices. In CP systems, the potential for DP and BAP losses in runoff increased due to increasing soil test P levels as a result of manure P additions in excess of P removal by corn. Manure history had no significant effect on TP losses due to a reduction in sediment loss, which was apparent two years following very high application rates of manure-supplied organic matter (21 Mg ha-1 yr-1) at Madison. Manure history had no effect on sediment loss at Lancaster, thereby increasing TP losses in runoff in the CP system, possibly due to lower rates of manure-supplied organic matter (16 Mg ha-1 yr-1) and/or soil differences.

In NT systems, manure history had no effect on P or sediment losses in runoff. In fact, P losses in runoff in the NT system with a manure history and high soil test P levels were lower than the CP system without a manure history. The reduction in P losses in NT was due to increased infiltration and less sediment loss as a result of high corn residue surface cover. No-till reduced P loads in runoff by an average of 57% for DP, 70% for BAP, and 91% for TP compared with CP on a well-drained silt loam soil.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
Research supported by the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection, the Wisconsin Fertilizer Research Fund, the University of Wisconsin Consortium for Extension and Research in Agriculture and Natural Resources, the University of Wisconsin Nonpoint Pollution and Demonstration Project, and the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison. The authors gratefully acknowledge J.S. Studnicka for technical support, A.E. Peterson for initiation and maintenance of the Madison site, and contributions from the staff at the University of Wisconsin Agricultural Research Stations at Lancaster and West Madison.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 


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Phosphorus Transport through Subsurface Drainage and Surface Runoff from a Flat Watershed in East Central Illinois, USA
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Freezing and Drying Effects on Potential Plant Contributions to Phosphorus in Runoff
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C. Saavedra, J. Velasco, P. Pajuelo, F. Perea, and A. Delgado
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Z. L. He, M. K. Zhang, P. J. Stoffella, X. E. Yang, and D. J. Banks
Phosphorus Concentrations and Loads in Runoff Water under Crop Production
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B. L. Allen, A. P. Mallarino, J. G. Klatt, J. L. Baker, and M. Camara
Soil and surface runoff phosphorus relationships for five typical USA midwest soils.
J. Environ. Qual., March 1, 2006; 35(2): 599 - 610.
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J. D. Grande, K. G. Karthikeyan, P. S. Miller, and J. M. Powell
Corn Residue Level and Manure Application Timing Effects on Phosphorus Losses in Runoff
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P. A. Vadas, P. J. A. Kleinman, A. N. Sharpley, and B. L. Turner
Relating Soil Phosphorus to Dissolved Phosphorus in Runoff: A Single Extraction Coefficient for Water Quality Modeling
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P. D. Schroeder, D. E. Radcliffe, M. L. Cabrera, and C. D. Belew
Relationship between Soil Test Phosphorus and Phosphorus in Runoff: Effects of Soil Series Variability
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