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Fig. 4. Contribution of the different components and processes of a duckweed-covered system to the total N and P loss in shallow duckweed-covered batch systems. The terms Ndw and Pdw are uptake by duckweed; Nad and Pad are uptake by biofilm attached to duckweed; Naw and Paw are uptake by biofilm attached to the walls and/or sediment; and Nnd and Nnw are N loss due to nitrificationdenitrification by biofilm attached to duckweed (nd) and walls (nw). Data from Körner and Vermaat (1998).