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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Treating Wastewater with Duckweed

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

	Ionophores Reduce Environmental Impact of Ruminants

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Emissions of ammonia (NH₃), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and methane (CH₄) to the environment affect water and air quality and human health and contribute to acid rain (NH₃) and the greenhouse effect (N₂O and CH₄). Tedeschi et al. (p. 1591–1602) summarize the beneficial actions of ionophores in decreasing NH₃ and CH₄ emissions to the environment and in reducing resource utilization in cattle production. Ionophores reduced protein degradation in the rumen, which increases feed protein utilization, decreasing fecal N and the amount of protein that must be fed to meet animal requirements. Ionophores can also reduce CH₄ production without affecting cattle performance. Therefore, use of ionophores may benefit air and water quality by reducing N in manure, which can potentially leave the farm through leaching into ground water and through runoff into surface water.

	Potato Response to Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and Ozone

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations can stimulate plant growth and yield, whereas ground-level ozone (O₃) concentrations are high enough to suppress plant growth and yield in many areas of the world. Both of these gases exist together in the air, so an understanding of how mixtures of O₃ and CO₂ affect crop yield is needed to improve estimates of future food supply. Recent experiments show that elevated CO₂ often protects plants from damage caused by O₃, but this has not been adequately tested for many important crops such as Irish potato. An O₃–resistant and an O₃–sensitive potato cultivar were exposed from emergence to maturity to mixtures of O₃ and CO₂ in open-top field chambers by Heagle et al. (p. 1603–1610). Elevated CO₂ increased growth and tuber yield of both cultivars, whereas elevated O₃ generally suppressed growth and yield, mainly of the sensitive cultivar. Elevated CO₂ appeared to protect the sensitive cultivar from O₃–induced suppression of shoot, root, and tuber weight as measured at mid-season but did not protect either cultivar from O₃ stress at the final harvest. Results show that effects of O₃ + CO₂ mixtures on a given crop cannot be predicted by knowing effects of the individual gases.

	Atmosphere Transports Pesticides to Chesapeake

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
The Choptank River watershed, located on the Delmarva Peninsula of the Chesapeake Bay, is dominated by agricultural land use, which makes it vulnerable to runoff and atmospheric deposition of pesticides. Agricultural and wildlife areas are in close proximity and off-site losses of pesticides may contribute to toxic impacts on sensitive species of plants and animals. In 2000, Kuang et al. (p. 1611–1622) frequently detected the pesticides chlorothalonil, metolachlor, atrazine, simazine, endosulfan, and chlorpyrifos in air and rain with maximal concentrations during the period when local or regional crops were planted. The process of air–water gas exchange was examined for metolachlor, and atmospheric loads of this chemical were estimated for the Choptank River watershed. Metolachlor inputs via precipitation accounted for 3 to 20% of the total metolachlor mass in the Choptank River, representing a more important source to the river than gas exchange.

	Predicting and Measuring Atmospheric Concentrations of Pesticides

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Volatilization may significantly affect the fate of pesticides. Though there are a number of mathematical models to assess and predict the fate of pesticides in different compartments of the environment, there is no trustable model to predict volatilization. Ferrari et al. (p. 1623–1633) measured pesticide volatilization of up to 16 and 41% of the applied dose in two different field experiments using three test molecules: ethoprophos, procymidone, and malathion. The ability of the Pesticide Leaching Model (PELMO) to calculate the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of pesticides in air under field conditions was evaluated and results show the need for improvement of the volatilization routine in the model.

	Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot Dust

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Cattle feedlot dust is an annoyance and a route for odor and nutrient movement to surrounding areas, yet important factors controlling its production are poorly understood. Miller and Woodbury (p. 1634–1640) report the development of a simple, inexpensive laboratory device, which simulates dust generation and can be used to investigate dust production from feedlot surfaces. When feedlot surface samples from various locations were tested in the device, each sample showed a sharp transition from dust-producing to dust-free as the sample moisture increased. The transition from dust-producing to dust-free varied between samples and was related to sample organic matter content. Based on these findings, it is proposed that varied moisture and organic matter content within the feedlot surface leads to dust emission "hot spots" requiring special attention by feedlot managers to minimize dust emission.

	Chromium Reduction in Contaminated Soils

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Chromium is an important soil contaminant at many sites, and facilitating in situ reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to nontoxic Cr(III) is an attractive remediation strategy. Tokunaga et al. (p. 1641–1649) showed that addition of organic C accelerated Cr(VI) reduction in soils heavily contaminated with Cr(VI). Microbially dependent processes were largely responsible for Cr(VI) reduction, except in the soils initially exposed to 10000 mg L^-1 Cr(VI) solutions that receive little (800 mg L^-1) or no organic C. However, microbial populations in the viable soils are probably too low for direct enzymatic Cr(VI) reduction to be important. Thus, synergistic effects sustained in whole soil systems accounted for most of the observed reduction.

	Selenium Removal by Rice Straw

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Removal of Se from agricultural drainage water is important in protecting wetland wildlife. Zhang and Frankenberger (p. 1650–1657) built three flow-through bioreactor channel systems (BCSs), each with three channels filled with rice straw, and determined removal of selenate [Se(VI)] from drainage water. Rice straw effectively reduced Se(VI) during 122 to 165 d of the experiments. Calculation of Se mass in the three BCSs showed 89.5 to 91.9% of input Se(VI) was reduced to red elemental Se [Se(O)], where 96.6 to 98.2% was trapped in the BCSs. Results indicate that rice straw is a very effective organic source for removing Se(VI) from drainage water.

	Alternative Liming Material for Acid Tailings

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Recycling and use of waste streams are becoming increasingly important to promote the sustainable use of resources. Water treatment sludge is currently created in large quantities by water treatment plants as waste, but has potential as an ameliorant during environmental rehabilitation, specifically of acid-generating spoils. The alkaline pH (8.08), high bicarbonate concentration (183.03 mg L^-1), and low salinity (electrical conductivity: 76 mS m^-1) of water treatment sludge from the Vaal River purification plant, South Africa, make it suitable as a substitute for dolomitic lime. Van Rensburg and Morgenthal (p. 1658–1668) evaluated the liming potential of this sludge material on sand, clay, coal discard, and gold tailings media. Sludge was capable of alkalizing acid gold tailings and leachate from the waste over a period of 30 d to a depth of 20 to 30 cm, thereby improving growth conditions. Leaching tempo was highest in the coal discard profile (with a coarse particle-size distribution), and took the longest to leach through the gold tailings (with a finer particle-size distribution).

	NTA Enhances Copper Phytoextraction

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Excessive Cu poses a risk to soil quality by decreasing microbial biomass and affecting plant growth. To improve phytoextraction of Cu, nitrilotriacetate (NTA) was added to nutrient solutions. In one series of experiments, montmorillonite, a soil mineral, was added to the solution to simulate an environment closer to natural soils. Wenger et al. (p. 1669–1676) report that NTA prevents Cu binding to montmorillonite, therefore keeping the metal available for plant roots. Additionally, NTA facilitates uptake and translocation of Cu within tobacco plants and mitigates the toxic effects on plants. These effects are advantageous in using NTA as a soil amendment to assist phytoextraction of Cu in the remediation of Cu-contaminated sites.

	Assessing Toxicity of Complex Effluent

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
To determine whether past chemical data for effluent from a Pb smelter could be used to estimate its past toxicity, a larval development toxicity test with the marine polychaete, Galeolaria caespitosa, was used by Ross and Bidwell (p. 1677–1683) to test 26 separate samples of effluent from a Pb smelter, generating empirical EC50 values (i.e., the concentration of test material that affects 50% of the test organisms). The EC50 values for each individual metal in the effluent were also generated using the larval development toxicity test. Concentrations of trace metals in each effluent sample were determined, and using an additive model, EC50 values were calculated. A nonlinear regression curve was found to best describe the relationship between model-derived and empirically derived EC50 values, and this relationship was then used to estimate past trends in toxicity of smelter effluent. Forty-eight percent of the variability in measured toxicity was explained by the model, with the model underestimating toxicity in the majority of samples.

	Sorption–Desorption of Cadmium in Biosolids-Amended Soils

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
A study by Hettiarachchi et al. (p. 1684–1693) demonstrates that addition of biosolids to soils increases the sorption and decreases the desorption behavior of Cd added to the soil. Removal of both the organic C and the Fe and Mn fractions of the samples was required to eliminate this observed alteration in metal behavior, suggesting that addition of Fe and Mn in the biosolids causes a permanent change in soils' ability to retain added Cd.

	Modeling the Effects of Turfgrass Management on Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Wise decisions regarding clipping and N management are important to minimize negative environmental impacts. Qian et al. (p. 1694–1700) applied the CENTURY ecosystem model to assess long-term effects of turfgrass clipping and N management on biomass production, soil organic C and N content, and N leaching. The CENTURY model predicted that turf–soil systems have great potential to sequester C and retain mineral N as soil organic N in young turf stands. Thus, the turf–soil systems serve as a strong N sink. However, the N sink strength gradually decreased with prolonged or high rates of N application. Net C and N sequestration can be increased by returning clippings to turfgrass ecosystems. Returning clippings offers opportunities for reducing N fertilization requirements by 25 to 60%, depending on duration of the practice, without a loss of turf quality as indicated by aboveground biomass. The CENTURY model simulation suggests that, by reducing N fertilization as age of the turf stand increases, it is possible to maintain desired turf quality and impose minimal long-term N leaching.

	Kerogen Dominates Organic Sorption by Aquifer Material

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Kerogen, a nonextractable natural organic material, was isolated from Borden aquifer material and characterized using ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry and microscopy (p. 1701–1709). Sorption isotherms measured using four different organic pollutants as sorbates showed that both the isolated kerogen and the original sand exhibited nonlinear sorption and the K_oc value measured for the isolated kerogen can be several times greater than that measured for the original sand for a given sorbate. Results suggest that kerogen plays a major role in overall sorption isotherm nonlinearity and could yield higher-than-predicted sorption capacities for the subsurface material even though the content of this organic material is very low.

	DDT Distribution in River Sediments of Florida

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Spatial distribution of the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in sediments from rivers was investigated by Ouyang et al. (p. 1710–1716) by using field measurements and three-dimensional kriging analysis. High DDT concentrations were found in the upper 0.5 m of sediments, indicating that sediment was enriched with DDT in the top layer, although use of this chlorinated compound was banned in 1972. The influence of sediment grain size or texture on DDT contamination was negligible and no linear correlation existed among DDT and its metabolites such as DDD and DDE. Comparison of three-dimensional distribution of DDT contents to the sediment quality assessment guideline or probable effect level (PEL) showed that several "hot spots" in river sediments had DDT contents exceeding the PEL value of 4.78 µg kg^-1, which could pose a significant hazard to aquatic life.

	Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX in Soil with Iron

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Remediation of soils containing solid-phase explosives requires treatment with rapid destruction rates that are sustained as the solid phase dissolves. In pilot-scale tests, Comfort et al. (p. 1717–1725) treated two soils from Los Alamos National Laboratory that were highly contaminated and demonstrated that zerovalent Fe was effective in destroying RDX (cyclonite) under unsaturated conditions. Soil physicochemical properties profoundly impacted performance, indicating the importance of site-specific characterization before treatment. Alkaline soils will likely require pH adjustments, whereas precipitation of humic material must be minimized in soils containing high concentrations of humic matter and/or Ba.

	Metolachlor Destruction by Zerovalent Iron Treatment

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Metolachlor destruction rates by Fe⁰ were measured in the presence of Al and Fe salts by Satapanajaru et al. (p. 1726–1734). Metolachlor destruction kinetics increased over Fe⁰ alone when Al, Fe(II), or Fe(III) salts were added. A common observation in metolachlor–Fe⁰ suspensions was a rapid (2 h) color change to greenish-blue when FeSO₄ or Al₂(SO₄)₃ was added. Concurrent Eh and pH measurements confirmed the Fe⁰ + salt treatments produced conditions conducive to green rust formation. Results indicate that metolachlor destruction by Fe⁰ treatment may be enhanced by adding Fe or Al salts and creating pH and redox conditions favoring green rust formation.

	Competitive Degradation of Soil Fumigants

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The mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin is considered an effective preplant soil fumigant. In comparison with individual fumigants, application of a mixture may influence the environmental dissipation and fate of each chemical. Zheng et al. (p. 1735–1742) measured the degradation rate of chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, and their mixture in unamended and amended soils, and evaluated the competitive characteristics of fumigants in the mixture. In fresh soil, no significantly competitive degradation occurred between chloropicrin and cis-1,3-dichloropropene at the concentration studied. This suggests that application of this fumigant mixture may have little influence on the efficacy and environmental fate of these compounds in unamended field soils. However, competitive degradation was observed in soils amended with ammonium thiosulfate or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, indicating that the fumigant compounds competed for a limited number of reaction sites in abiotic degradation.

	Metolachlor Sorption in Manure- and Urea-Amended Soils

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Application of organic manure (OM) amendments and N fertilizers can affect the sorption and movement of pesticides in soil. Singh (p. 1743–1749) summarizes the sorption and leaching of metolachlor in soils after cow manure and urea amendments in batch and column experiments. Both cow manure and urea applications increased metolachlor sorption in soils. Column leaching studies indicated that OM application drastically reduced metolachlor leaching losses from 50% (natural soil) to <1% (5% OM amendment). Urea application also decreased the mobility of metolachlor, and leaching losses in columns treated with 60 and 120 kg N ha^-1 urea were 33 and 20%, respectively. Reduction in metolachlor leaching losses was achieved through an increase in sorption capability of the OM- and urea-amended soil.

	Phenanthrene Sorption and Organic Matter Structure

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Organic contaminant uptake in soil has been attributed to the aromatic fraction of organic matter. Simpson et al. (p. 1750–1758) report that this extensively used correlation is not always valid. Humic acids from compost, peat, and soil were chemically altered and phenanthrene uptake was measured before and after each chemical modification. Comparisons between humic acid structure and phenanthrene sorption revealed that organic matter characteristics should not be used to accurately predict contaminant fate in soil environments.

	Uptake of Thorium Progeny in an Arid Environment

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The threat of nuclear weapon accidents and terrorism has reinforced the need to understand how radionuclides move through the environment after a release. Uptake of radionuclides by plants can introduce contaminants into the human food chain. McClellan et al. (p. 1759–1763) examine the movement of radionuclides through surficial soils in the desert of the southwestern USA, an area extensively impacted by weapons development and testing. Thorium progeny concentrations and concentration ratios were higher in contaminated-site vegetation than control vegetation. The significant uptake of Th progeny in vegetation suggests that previous dose and health risk assessments for Th progeny may have been underestimated for similar environments.

	Reducing Nitrate Losses in Drainage Water

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Understanding the importance of time of N application on the loss of nitrates to drainage water from corn and soybean could help minimize the loading of nitrate into rivers and hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Nitrogen as anhydrous ammonia was applied either in fall, spring, or split (spring + sidedress) for corn in rotation with soybean during a seven-year period by Randall et al. (p. 1764–1772). Nitrate concentrations and losses in subsurface drainage from corn were greatest for fall N without a nitrification inhibitor (NI), with little difference among the fall N + NI, spring, or split-applied treatments. Nitrate losses from a corn–soybean rotation into subsurface drainage can be reduced 13 to 18% by either applying N in the spring or using a NI with fall-applied ammonia.

	Decomposition of Surface-Applied Biosolids

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Municipal biosolids applied to the soil surface in semiarid environments can potentially contaminate surface waters. Jaynes et al. (p. 1773–1781) report that P solubilities in fresh New York City biosolids were consistent with dicalcium phosphate, but decreased to values consistent with tricalcium phosphate after 59 months or more surface exposure at the MERCO site in West Texas. Biosolids that support soluble P levels consistent with these sparingly soluble calcium phosphates can yield runoff water P concentrations sufficient for algal growth. Decomposition of organic matter decreased organic C, N, and S whereas inorganic ash content increased. Chemical analyses suggest that Cu and Zn were lost through leaching or runoff, but no losses of Pb, Cr, or Hg have occurred since application.

	Phosphorus in Runoff from Row Crops

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Land application of livestock manure to row crops can reduce total P losses in runoff on well-drained soils due to increased infiltration and reduced soil erosion in the year of application. Phosphorus losses may increase in subsequent years as manure-supplied organic matter decomposes, especially if manure P application rates exceed crop removal, resulting in increased soil P. Andraski et al. (p. 1782–1789) investigated the effects of manure history and long-term (eight years) tillage on dissolved P, bioavailable P, and total P levels in runoff in continuous corn on two well-drained silt loam soils. Soil test P increased with frequency of manure application, and P stratification was greater near the surface in no-till than chisel plow. Phosphorus loads were 57 to 91% lower in no-till compared with chisel plow. Long-term manure P application in excess of P removal by corn in chisel plow systems ultimately increased the potential for dissolved and bioavailable P losses in runoff by increasing soil P. Maintaining high surface residue cover, such as in long-term no-till corn production, can mitigate this risk in addition to reducing sediment and particulate P losses.

	Look for Metabolites in Surface Waters

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In watersheds in the Midwest USA, herbicides are used on nearly every hectare. However, metabolites of many common herbicides have not been studied to determine their occurrence in streams. David et al. (p. 1790–1801) measured herbicide parent compounds (atrazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides) and their metabolites in a tile-drained watershed during two years where flow was nearly all from title drainage. Summed median concentration of chloroacetanilide herbicides was 3.4 µg L^-1 whereas it was 4.3 µg L^-1 for the six metabolites, and metabolites were detected more often than parent compounds. Results confirm the importance of studying metabolites of many common herbicides in tile-drained watersheds, because absence or low concentrations of parent compounds may not reflect the amounts of all forms of the herbicide in stream waters. The metabolites may have ecological and human health (drinking water) impacts that are currently unknown.

	Timing is Everything

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Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers have traditionally been applied to irrigated mountain meadows in spring to increase hay yields. According to White et al. (p. 1802–1808), fertilizer application should be as far in advance of flood irrigation as possible to decrease the potential for loss of applied P and N in runoff. Loads of reactive P and ammonium N were 9 to 16 and 18 to 34 times greater, respectively, when monoammonium phosphate fertilizer was applied in early and late spring, respectively, compared to fall application. Late-spring fertilizer application was associated with loss of 45% of the applied P and more than 17% of the N. These results, coupled with those from previous studies, suggest that mountain meadow hay producers should apply fertilizer in fall, especially P-based fertilizers, to improve hay yields, avoid economic losses from loss of applied fertilizers, and reduce the potential for impacts to water quality.

	XANES Speciation of Soil Phosphorus

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The impact of soil P accumulation on water quality depends on the P species most affected by fertilization and soil management. Beauchemin et al. (p. 1809–1819) applied XANES spectroscopy, a noninvasive technique, in conjunction with chemical fractionation to characterize P species in five P-enriched soils of varying properties. Both techniques showed that all soils, regardless of pH (5.5 to 7.6), contained phosphates adsorbed on Fe- or Al-oxides and Ca phosphates. XANES spectroscopy identified the Ca phosphates present, while chemical fractionation provided insights on the organic P pools not accounted for by the XANES analyses.

	Campylobacter in a New Zealand River

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New Zealand's freshwater ecosystems are frequently contaminated from a predominantly agricultural landscape. Eyles et al. (p. 1820–1828) observed spatial and temporal variation in levels of the human pathogen Campylobacter in the Taieri River, New Zealand. Higher levels of the bacteria were detected in summer, when recreational use of the river is highest. Spatial variation in Campylobacter levels reflected surrounding land use, as well as in-stream losses. Continuing land use change in New Zealand is likely to lead to further increases in pathogen levels in streams and rivers, and reduce their suitability for contact recreation.

	Dissolved Organic Matter Affects Copper Mobility

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To investigate the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on Cu mobility in aquifer material, DOM derived from sewage biosolids was separated into two apparent molecular-weight fractions, 500 to 3500 Da and >14000 Da, by Han and Thompson (p. 1829–1836) Mobility of these DOM components and their influences on Cu transport in a sesquioxide-coated, sandy aquifer material were examined with column transport experiments. The low molecular weight DOM was found to be highly mobile, whereas the high molecular weight DOM had a greater tendency to be retained by the aquifer material. In general, DOM components enhanced Cu transport through the aquifer columns at early stages of transport but inhibited Cu transport in latter stages. Several mechanisms could account for retardation of Cu movement, including the formation of ternary complexes, changes in the electrostatic potential at the solid-phase surface, and pH buffering by DOM.

	Conductivity Unveils Hidden Nutrient Reservoirs

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Nutrients leached from manure beneath land used for storage or composting activity represent potential environmental hazards. Eigenberg and Nienaber (p. 1837–1843) present a method using soil electrical conductivity to accurately detect areas of increased conductivity that are highly correlated to nutrient reservoirs. Location of the composting activity was identified by traditional surveying methods, and soil samples confirmed that salt content (primarily nitrate N and chloride) was substantially elevated directly below the compost rows. After three years, no evidence of composting activity was visible on the surface, but electrical conductivity mapping clearly delineated the location of compost rows, demonstrating the value of the technique to study nutrient distribution across large areas used for manure handling or even cropland.

	Landspreading Municipal Waste Compost

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Numerous municipalities have examined composting as an alternative to landfilling for management of organic solid waste materials. Ultimately, this material will be land-applied, therefore, some knowledge of nutrient availability will be necessary to optimize crop yield and minimize environmental risk. Wolkowski (p. 1844–1850) conducted studies with corn on loamy sand and silt loam soils in Wisconsin and showed that a mature compost (270 d) increased growth and yield above the untreated control and produced grain yields nearly equivalent to that achieved with recommended commercial fertilizer. Between 6 and 17% of the total N in this compost became available to corn in the year of application. Materials composted for shorter periods (7 or 36 d) suppressed growth and reduced yield. Soil nitrate N was higher throughout the growing season in treatments receiving recommended N fertilizer. Land application of mature municipal solid waste compost, at rates not exceeding 90 Mg ha^-1, would be an agronomically and environmentally sound practice.

	Pulp Mill and Municipal Biosolids Release Nitrogen

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Pulp and paper industrial biosolids and municipal biosolids all release N when they are applied to soil. However, little has been done to compare the availability of N in these materials. During a 26-week incubation, Wang et al. (p. 1851–1856) compared N mineralization rates in two forest soils of four biosolids samples. These included aerobically and anaerobically digested municipal biosolids, and two pulp mill biosolids from aerated wastewater stabilization lagoons. The aerobic digestion process and higher temperatures accelerated mineralization and transformation of N in all biosolids. However, it was noticed that among the two pulp mill biosolids, a lower C to N ratio did not result in higher mineralization of organic N.

	Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms of a Water Treatment Residual

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
The P adsorbing mechanism(s) of an aluminum-based [Al₂(SO₄)₃·14H₂O] water treatment residual (WTR) was investigated by Ippolito et al. (p. 1857–1864) Mixtures of P-loaded WTR were shaken for 1 to 211 d followed by solution pH analysis, solution Ca, Al, and P analysis via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and solids analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microprobe analysis using wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (EMPA-WDS). At 211 d, a decrease in P content and an increase in pH were observed indicating that calcium phosphate formation or precipitation. The system appeared to be undersaturated with respect to dicalcium phosphate [DCP; CaHPO₄] and supersaturated with respect to octacalcium phosphate [OCP; Ca₄H(PO₄)₃·2.5H₂O]. The XRD and EMPA-WDS results for all shaking times, however, suggested surface P chemisorption as an amorphous Al–P mineral phase.

	Rainfall Timing Affects E. coli Leaching

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Time between swine manure application to soil as a crop fertilizer, and the first rainfall event, and frequency of rainfall events, should influence leaching potential of fecal pathogens. Saini et al. (p. 1865–1872) found that leaching of a swine manure isolate of Escherichia coli, strain RS2G, tagged with the green fluorescent protein, was possible even if the first rainfall event occurred 16 d after manure application. Liquid swine manure inoculated with RS2G was applied to intact soil cores at various times before each core received one to three rainfall events similar to thunderstorms that occur in spring to early summer in Iowa. Most of the RS2G in the leachate appeared following the first rainfall event, and leaching decreased with increasing time between manure application and the first rainfall, and with increasing frequency of rainfall events. Results suggest that pathogens can still be leached through the upper portion of the soil profile after manure has resided for extended periods on the soil surface before the first rain event, which could potentially serve as nonpoint sources for contaminating subsurface waters.

	Assessing Biosolids Use on Crop Tissue and Soil

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
To assess the effects of repeated agronomic biosolids use, soil and crop tissue samples from 18 Pennsylvania farms were tested for nutrients, trace elements, and other quality parameters. Shober et al. (p. 1873–1880) found that biosolids use increased soil concentrations of NO₃, P, Ca, and several trace elements, but had no effect on crop tissues. Trace element increases in soil were very small relative to regulatory limits, but increases in soil nutrients indicate a need to reassess biosolids nutrient management practices.

	Oily Food Waste Recycles Soil Nitrate Nitrogen

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
With current agricultural practices, the amount of fertilizer N applied is frequently more than that removed by the crop. Excessive application of N may result in short-term accumulation of nitrate N (NO₃–N) in soil, which can easily be leached from the root zone and into ground water. Rashid and Voroney (p. 1881–1886) report that application of oily food waste to agricultural soils in fall could conserve significant amounts of NO₃–N. Oily food waste application at 10 Mg ha^-1 in fall decreased soil NO₃–N by immobilization and conserved 47 to 56 kg NO₃–N ha^-1, which would otherwise be subject to leaching. Nitrogen immobilized due to oily food waste application in fall was subsequently remineralized by the time of fertilizer N sidedressing, whereas no net mineralization was observed in spring-amended plots at the same time.

	Managing Quality of Cattle Manure within the Feedlot

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Nutrients, soluble salts, and pathogenic bacteria in feedlot-pen manure have potential to cause pollution of the environment. Miller et al. (p. 1887–1894) report that quality of beef cattle manure within feedlot pens may be managed using timing of seasonal pen cleaning and application, as well as manipulating bedding material used in feedlot pens. Season had a stronger influence on chemical and bacterial quality of pen manure than bedding material (barley straw versus wood chips). Manure application in Alberta is based on total N and ammonium N content of manure. Neither bedding nor season affected the total N content of pen manure. In contrast, higher ammonium N in manure with wood than straw, and higher levels in fall and winter than spring and summer, indicate that available N content of manure might be managed using bedding or season. They thought wood-chip bedding might inhibit populations of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in pen manure because of higher concentrations of organic acid in wood, but they observed no such effect. They attributed this to the high manure to bedding ratios in their pens. In contrast, E. coli and total coliform numbers were highest in summer, and a positive correlation with mean daily air temperature was observed, indicating that the warm season is of most concern in terms of potential environmental contamination.

	Wastewater Particles Outperform Floating Plants

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
In wetlands and ponds designed for wastewater treatment, plants are often thought to contribute to treatment through the activities of root-associated bacteria. Hamersley et al. (p. 1895–1904) found in an aerated artificial pond treating highly concentrated septage waste that wastewater particles, not plants, contributed more to ammonium removal. Nitrifying bacteria were found on plant roots, but these were few compared to the large populations found on septage particulates. The contribution of plant root nitrifiers to ammonium removal rates remained insignificant even when the numbers of plants were increased threefold. A measurable increase in removal rates was seen only when ammonium concentrations were higher than typical for the pond. Under normal operating conditions, ammonium concentration, rather than nitrifier abundance, controlled ammonium removal from septage.

	Corer–Reactor Measures Contaminant Fluxes

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Design details are provided by Jung et al. (p. 1905–1910) for a sediment corer that can be converted into a reactor for the measurement of contaminant fluxes from sediments to overlying waters. The inexpensive corer–reactor permits measurements on intact, largely undisturbed sediment cores, without perturbing the physical and chemical conditions found in the field.

	Reducing Cadmium Availability from Phosphate Potassium Fertilizers

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Cadmium uptake by plants from Cd-containing phosphate fertilizers can be one possible avenue of toxic Cd entry into the human food chain. Chien et al. (p. 1911–1914) found that Cd availability from phosphate potassium compound fertilizers was lower by bulk-blending than that by granulation for different crops. Thus, in addition to its simplicity and relatively low investment and operating cost, the bulk-blending process may also reduce Cd uptake by crops.

	Sorption–Desorption of Fumigants on Plastic Materials

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Several materials are used for studying and sampling fumigants. The goal of research by Allaire et al. (p. 1915–1921) was to study gas-phase sorption of propargyl bromide (3BP) and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) on different plastic materials. Materials sorbed both gas-phase chemicals in the following order: stainless steel < Teflon PTFE-FEP flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) acrylic < low-density polyethylene (PE) < vinyl (Tygon R3603) silicone < polyurethane foam (PUF). Linear and Freundlich sorption coefficients and first-order desorption rate constants are discussed. Vinyl, silicone, PE, and PUF should be avoided for quantitative study of organic gases, except possibly as a trapping medium. Use of PTFE, PVC, and acrylic may require correction for sorption–desorption and diffusion.

	Determination of Polyacrylamide in Soil Water

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Determination of polyacrylamide (PAM) concentration in soil water is important in improving the efficiency of PAM application and understanding the environmental fate of applied PAM. Lu et al. (p. 1922–1926) developed an analytical technique to quantify PAM in soil water by size exclusion chromatography. Polyacrylamide was separated from interferential salts and dissolved organic matter in a polymeric gel column and detected at an ultraviolet wavelength of 195 nm. Analysis of PAM concentration in soil supernatants, soil leachates, and water samples from irrigation furrow streams showed that the technique had satisfactory sensitivity, precision, and reproducibility. The technique offers considerable promise for use in the fast-growing PAM conservation technology.

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