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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Treating Wastewater with Duckweed

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

	Ionophores Reduce Environmental Impact of Ruminants

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Emissions of ammonia (NH₃), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and methane (CH₄) to the environment affect water and air quality and human health and contribute to acid rain (NH₃) and the greenhouse effect (N₂O and CH₄). Tedeschi et al. (p. 1591–1602) summarize the beneficial actions of ionophores in decreasing NH₃ and CH₄ emissions to the environment and in reducing resource utilization in cattle production. Ionophores reduced protein degradation in the rumen, which increases feed protein utilization, decreasing fecal N and the amount of protein that must be fed to meet animal requirements. Ionophores can also reduce CH₄ production without affecting cattle performance. Therefore, use of ionophores may benefit air and water quality by reducing N in manure, which can potentially leave the farm through leaching into ground water and through runoff into surface water.

	Potato Response to Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and Ozone

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations can stimulate plant growth and yield, whereas ground-level ozone (O₃) concentrations are high enough to suppress plant growth and yield in many areas of the world. Both of these gases exist together in the air, so an understanding of how mixtures of O₃ and CO₂ affect crop yield is needed to improve estimates of future food supply. Recent experiments show that elevated CO₂ often protects plants from damage caused by O₃, but this has not been adequately tested for many important crops such as Irish potato. An O₃–resistant and an O₃–sensitive potato cultivar were exposed from emergence to maturity to mixtures of O₃ and CO₂ in open-top field chambers by Heagle et al. (p. 1603–1610). Elevated CO₂ increased growth and tuber yield of both cultivars, whereas elevated O₃ generally suppressed growth and yield, mainly of the sensitive cultivar. Elevated CO₂ appeared to protect the sensitive cultivar from O₃–induced suppression of shoot, root, and tuber weight as measured at mid-season but did not protect either cultivar from O₃ stress at the final harvest. Results show that effects of O₃ + CO₂ mixtures on a given crop cannot be predicted by knowing effects of the individual gases.

	Atmosphere Transports Pesticides to Chesapeake

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
The Choptank River watershed, located on the Delmarva Peninsula of the Chesapeake Bay, is dominated by agricultural land use, which makes it vulnerable to runoff and atmospheric deposition of pesticides. Agricultural and wildlife areas are in close proximity and off-site losses of pesticides may contribute to toxic impacts on sensitive species of plants and animals. In 2000, Kuang et al. (p. 1611–1622) frequently detected the pesticides chlorothalonil, metolachlor, atrazine, simazine, endosulfan, and chlorpyrifos in air and rain with maximal concentrations during the period when local or regional crops were planted. The process of air–water gas exchange was examined for metolachlor, and atmospheric loads of this chemical were estimated for the Choptank River watershed. Metolachlor inputs via precipitation accounted for 3 to 20% of the total metolachlor mass in the Choptank River, representing a more important source to the river than gas exchange.

	Predicting and Measuring Atmospheric Concentrations of Pesticides

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Volatilization may significantly affect the fate of pesticides. Though there are a number of mathematical models to assess and predict the fate of pesticides in different compartments of the environment, there is no trustable model to predict volatilization. Ferrari et al. (p. 1623–1633) measured pesticide volatilization of up to 16 and 41% of the applied dose in two different field experiments using three test molecules: ethoprophos, procymidone, and malathion. The ability of the Pesticide Leaching Model (PELMO) to calculate the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of pesticides in air under field conditions was evaluated and results show the need for improvement of the volatilization routine in the model.

	Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot Dust

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Cattle feedlot dust is an annoyance and a route for odor and nutrient movement to surrounding areas, yet important factors controlling its production are poorly understood. Miller and Woodbury (p. 1634–1640) report the development of a simple, inexpensive laboratory device, which simulates dust generation and can be used to investigate dust production from feedlot surfaces. When feedlot surface samples from various locations were tested in the device, each sample showed a sharp transition from dust-producing to dust-free as the sample moisture increased. The transition from dust-producing to dust-free varied between samples and was related to sample organic matter content. Based on these findings, it is proposed that varied moisture and organic matter content within the feedlot surface leads to dust emission "hot spots" requiring special attention by feedlot managers to minimize dust emission.

	Chromium Reduction in Contaminated Soils

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Chromium is an important soil contaminant at many sites, and facilitating in situ reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to nontoxic Cr(III) is an attractive remediation strategy. Tokunaga et al. (p. 1641–1649) showed that addition of organic C accelerated Cr(VI) reduction in soils heavily contaminated with Cr(VI). Microbially dependent processes were largely responsible for Cr(VI) reduction, except in the soils initially exposed to 10000 mg L^-1 Cr(VI) solutions that receive little (800 mg L^-1) or no organic C. However, microbial populations in the viable soils are probably too low for direct enzymatic Cr(VI) reduction to be important. Thus, synergistic effects sustained in whole soil systems accounted for most of the observed reduction.

	Selenium Removal by Rice Straw

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Removal of Se from agricultural drainage water is important in protecting wetland wildlife. Zhang and Frankenberger (p. 1650–1657) built three flow-through bioreactor channel systems (BCSs), each with three channels filled with rice straw, and determined removal of selenate [Se(VI)] from drainage water. Rice straw effectively reduced Se(VI) during 122 to 165 d of the experiments. Calculation of Se mass in the three BCSs showed 89.5 to 91.9% of input Se(VI) was reduced to red elemental Se [Se(O)], where 96.6 to 98.2% was trapped in the BCSs. Results indicate that rice straw is a very effective organic source for removing Se(VI) from drainage water.

	Alternative Liming Material for Acid Tailings

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Recycling and use of waste streams are becoming increasingly important to promote the sustainable use of resources. Water treatment sludge is currently created in large quantities by water treatment plants as waste, but has potential as an ameliorant during environmental rehabilitation, specifically of acid-generating spoils. The alkaline pH (8.08), high bicarbonate concentration (183.03 mg L^-1), and low salinity (electrical conductivity: 76 mS m^-1) of water treatment sludge from the Vaal River purification plant, South Africa, make it suitable as a substitute for dolomitic lime. Van Rensburg and Morgenthal (p. 1658–1668) evaluated the liming potential of this sludge material on sand, clay, coal discard, and gold tailings media. Sludge was capable of alkalizing acid gold tailings and leachate from the waste over a period of 30 d to a depth of 20 to 30 cm, thereby improving growth conditions. Leaching tempo was highest in the coal discard profile (with a coarse particle-size distribution), and took the longest to leach through the gold tailings (with a finer particle-size distribution).

	NTA Enhances Copper Phytoextraction

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Excessive Cu poses a risk to soil quality by decreasing microbial biomass and affecting plant growth. To improve phytoextraction of Cu, nitrilotriacetate (NTA) was added to nutrient solutions. In one series of experiments, montmorillonite, a soil mineral, was added to the solution to simulate an environment closer to natural soils. Wenger et al. (p. 1669–1676) report that NTA prevents Cu binding to montmorillonite, therefore keeping the metal available for plant roots. Additionally, NTA facilitates uptake and translocation of Cu within tobacco plants and mitigates the toxic effects on plants. These effects are advantageous in using NTA as a soil amendment to assist phytoextraction of Cu in the remediation of Cu-contaminated sites.

	Assessing Toxicity of Complex Effluent

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
To determine whether past chemical data for effluent from a Pb smelter could be used to estimate its past toxicity, a larval development toxicity test with the marine polychaete, Galeolaria caespitosa, was used by Ross and Bidwell (p. 1677–1683) to test 26 separate samples of effluent from a Pb smelter, generating empirical EC50 values (i.e., the concentration of test material that affects 50% of the test organisms). The EC50 values for each individual metal in the effluent were also generated using the larval development toxicity test. Concentrations of trace metals in each effluent sample were determined, and using an additive model, EC50 values were calculated. A nonlinear regression curve was found to best describe the relationship between model-derived and empirically derived EC50 values, and this relationship was then used to estimate past trends in toxicity of smelter effluent. Forty-eight percent of the variability in measured toxicity was explained by the model, with the model underestimating toxicity in the majority of samples.

	Sorption–Desorption of Cadmium in Biosolids-Amended Soils

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
A study by Hettiarachchi et al. (p. 1684–1693) demonstrates that addition of biosolids to soils increases the sorption and decreases the desorption behavior of Cd added to the soil. Removal of both the organic C and the Fe and Mn fractions of the samples was required to eliminate this observed alteration in metal behavior, suggesting that addition of Fe and Mn in the biosolids causes a permanent change in soils' ability to retain added Cd.

	Modeling the Effects of Turfgrass Management on Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Wise decisions regarding clipping and N management are important to minimize negative environmental impacts. Qian et al. (p. 1694–1700) applied the CENTURY ecosystem model to assess long-term effects of turfgrass clipping and N management on biomass production, soil organic C and N content, and N leaching. The CENTURY model predicted that turf–soil systems have great potential to sequester C and retain mineral N as soil organic N in young turf stands. Thus, the turf–soil systems serve as a strong N sink. However, the N sink strength gradually decreased with prolonged or high rates of N application. Net C and N sequestration can be increased by returning clippings to turfgrass ecosystems. Returning clippings offers opportunities for reducing N fertilization requirements by 25 to 60%, depending on duration of the practice, without a loss of turf quality as indicated by aboveground biomass. The CENTURY model simulation suggests that, by reducing N fertilization as age of the turf stand increases, it is possible to maintain desired turf quality and impose minimal long-term N leaching.

	Kerogen Dominates Organic Sorption by Aquifer Material

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Kerogen, a nonextractable natural organic material, was isolated from Borden aquifer material and characterized using ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry and microscopy (p. 1701–1709). Sorption isotherms measured using four different organic pollutants as sorbates showed that both the isolated kerogen and the original sand exhibited nonlinear sorption and the K_oc value measured for the isolated kerogen can be several times greater than that measured for the original sand for a given sorbate. Results suggest that kerogen plays a major role in overall sorption isotherm nonlinearity and could yield higher-than-predicted sorption capacities for the subsurface material even though the content of this organic material is very low.

	DDT Distribution in River Sediments of Florida

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from... Look for Metabolites in... Timing is Everything XANES Speciation of Soil... Campylobacter in a New... Dissolved Organic Matter Affects... Conductivity Unveils Hidden... Landspreading Municipal Waste... Pulp Mill and Municipal... Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms... Rainfall Timing Affects E.... Assessing Biosolids Use on... Oily Food Waste Recycles... Managing Quality of Cattle... Wastewater Particles Outperform... Corer-Reactor Measures... Reducing Cadmium Availability... Sorption-Desorption of Fumigants... Determination of Polyacrylamide...

 
Spatial distribution of the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in sediments from rivers was investigated by Ouyang et al. (p. 1710–1716) by using field measurements and three-dimensional kriging analysis. High DDT concentrations were found in the upper 0.5 m of sediments, indicating that sediment was enriched with DDT in the top layer, although use of this chlorinated compound was banned in 1972. The influence of sediment grain size or texture on DDT contamination was negligible and no linear correlation existed among DDT and its metabolites such as DDD and DDE. Comparison of three-dimensional distribution of DDT contents to the sediment quality assessment guideline or probable effect level (PEL) showed that several "hot spots" in river sediments had DDT contents exceeding the PEL value of 4.78 µg kg^-1, which could pose a significant hazard to aquatic life.

	Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX in Soil with Iron

TOP Treating Wastewater with... Ionophores Reduce Environmental... Potato Response to Mixtures... Atmosphere Transports Pesticides... Predicting and Measuring... Stirring Up Cattle Feedlot... Chromium Reduction in... Selenium Removal by Rice... Alternative Liming Material for... NTA Enhances Copper... Assessing Toxicity of Complex... Sorption-Desorption of Cadmium... Modeling the Effects of... Kerogen Dominates Organic... DDT Distribution in River... Pilot-Scale Destruction of RDX... Metolachlor Destruction by... Competitive Degradation of Soil... Metolachlor Sorption in Manure-... Phenanthrene Sorption and... Uptake of Thorium Progeny... Reducing Nitrate Losses in... Decomposition of Surface-Applied... Phosphorus in Runoff from...