Fig. 6. Effect of Fe³⁺ or Cu²⁺ addition on nitrate removal. Initial conditions: 5% precoated iron + 30 mg NO^-₃–N L^-1 + (a) 100 mg Fe³⁺ L^-1 (FeCl₃) or (b) 115 mg Cu²⁺ L^-1 (CuCl₂), without initial pH adjustment.

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