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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Livestock Operations and Odors

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

	Miscalculated Emissions after Pesticide Application

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Volatilization of pesticides after soil application and subsequent atmospheric transport may contribute to pollution at locations remote from their application. Wolters et al. (p. 1183–1193) report predictions of European pesticide registration models deviated markedly from measured volatilization rates. Strongest deviations occurred during the first day after application, suggesting idealized assumptions in current model approaches do not reflect the nonequilibrium state in a concentrated pesticide mixture at the top soil layer. In contrast to the experimentally proven tendency of pesticides toward enhanced volatilization under moist conditions, the models generally calculated decreasing volatilization losses after irrigation. Moreover, the thickness of the top computation layer used as a default value in the calculation procedures was shown to influence the predictions significantly, illustrating the need for a complete revision of the volatilization modules included in the models.

	Nitrate Sink a Trace Gas Source?

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Riparian buffer zones are known to reduce diffuse N pollution of streams by removing and modifying N from agricultural runoff. Denitrification, often identified as the key N removal process, is also considered a major source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O). Hefting et al. (p. 1194–1203) found N₂O emissions were significantly higher in a forested compared with a grassland buffer zone, whereas denitrification rates were not significantly different. Higher rates of N₂O emissions in the forested buffer zone were associated with higher nitrate concentrations in the ground water. Thus, when nitrate loading in riparian buffer zones is high, N₂O is an important end product of denitrification. In these cases, N transformation by buffer zones results in an unfavorable shift from water pollution to an increase in greenhouse gas emission.

	Reclaimed Effluent Affects Nitrogen Transformations

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Extensive use of reclaimed effluent in arid and semiarid regions may enhance the emissions of nitrogenous gases and affect various soil N transformations. Master et al. (p. 1204–1211) conducted field and laboratory experiments, using ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer, and found that irrigation with reclaimed effluent enhanced the fluxes of dinitrogen and ammonia from a Grumosol soil. Emissions of nitrous oxide were not affected by reclaimed effluent in the short term. Nitrification and denitrification were equally important to nitrous oxide production under field conditions; however, the significance of the latter increased with higher moisture content. Saturated conditions significantly increased the amount of dinitrogen and nitrous oxide emitted to the environment. Short-term inhibition of nitrification and enhanced nitrite formation were shown to occur in reclaimed effluent-irrigated soils.

	Additive-Assisted Plant Treatment of Wastewater

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
In the presence of peroxidases, phenols undergo polymerization and precipitate out of the aqueous solution. Some plant materials (e.g., horseradish roots) contain peroxidase activity and show potential for the cleanup of phenol-polluted water. Plant treatment, however, has two drawbacks, (i) inhibition of peroxidase activity by polymers and (ii) color formation. Tonegawa et al. (p. 1222–1227) report that, as in the case of isolated enzymes, these problems could be substantially mitigated by the application of additives, such as polyethylene glycol, surfactants, chitosan gel, and activated carbon.

	Chromate Reduction by Chromium-Resistant Bacteria

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has many industrial applications and as a result may cause environmental contamination in marine and freshwater sediments on urban and industrial discharges. Camargo et al. (p. 1228–1233) characterized chromate reduction by chromate-resistant bacteria isolated from soils. The Cr-resistant bacteria can tolerate up to 2500 mg L^-1 Cr(VI). One bacterial isolate (Bacillus sp. ES 29) aerobically reduced 90% of Cr(VI) in 6 hours. The bacterial consortia and its monoculture isolates are useful for Cr(VI) detoxification at low and high concentrations in Cr(VI)-contaminated environments and under a wide range of environmental conditions.

	Nutrient Amendments and Oil Biodegradation

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Nutrient amendment is a critical factor for bioremediation of oil-contaminated beach sediments. Xu and Obbard (p. 1234–1243) report on the stimulatory effect of slow-release fertilizers Osmocote and Inipol EAP-22, as well as inorganic nutrients, on oil biodegradation in beach sediments using an open irrigation system over a 45-d period. The beneficial effects of both soluble inorganic nutrients and Inipol EAP-22 were found to be limited in duration due to their susceptibility to leaching from sediments. In contrast, Osmocote maintained nutrients at a concentration that resulted in sustained microbial activity and hydrocarbon biodegradation. A combination of soluble nutrients with Osmocote induced a rapid stimulation of the biodegradation process.

	RDX Loss in a Military Training Range Soil

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
On military training ranges, low-order, incomplete detonations deposit hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) into surface soils. Ringelberg et al. (p. 1244–1249) report soil moisture potential can have an acute effect on rates of RDX loss from training range surface soils. Rates of RDX loss from the saturated soils were at least seven times greater than those observed in the unsaturated soils. The fact that organic solvents can influence microbial degradation activity is well established, but, nevertheless, these solvents are often used to introduce organic substrates into soils. The C or N in acetonitrile appears to have interfered with the aerobic biodegradation of RDX when present at 1% of the total aqueous volume. Results emphasize caution is needed when extrapolating laboratory-based results toward the making of far-reaching land management decisions.

	Bioavailability of Isoproturon and its Metabolites in Soil

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Metabolites created by partial degradation of herbicides may interact more strongly with soil components than the mother compound itself, rendering these unavailable for biodegradation and consequently reducing the mineralization of the herbicide molecule. Johannesen et al. (p. 1250–1257) report reduced bioavailability of the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon and its metabolites monodesmethyl-isoproturon and 4-isopropyl-aniline in agricultural soil with increasing residence time. Sorption measurements revealed similar Freundlich constants for isoproturon and monodesmethyl-isoproturon, whereas it was more than fivefold greater for 4-isopropyl-aniline. The findings imply partial degradation of isoproturon to 4-isopropyl-aniline in the soil environment may significantly reduce mineralization of the herbicide molecule due to sorption of the aniline-metabolite to soil. This renders the 4-isopropyl-aniline unavailable for biodegradation, which may reduce the natural attenuation rate of isoproturon in agricultural soils with respect to mineralization of the phenyl structure to CO₂.

	Triticonazole Dissipation after Seed or Soil Treatment

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
The long-term fate, as measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, of the fungicide triticonazole (TTZ) was studied during a period of 140 d by Börjesson et al. (p. 1258–1261). The TTZ was applied to wheat grains as a disinfectant before sowing, or sprayed on bare soil for comparison to the seed treatment. After 56 d in a greenhouse (22°C), 20 and 28% of the TTZ applied remained in the soil and seed treatments, respectively, with corresponding half-lives of 27 and 29 d. The microbial biomass initially decreased in the soil treatment, but had recovered after 56 d. Thus, with respect to dissipation of TTZ and its negligible effect on soil microbial biomass and activity, no long-lasting difference between soil and seed treatments was found.

	Radionuclides Content Influenced by Phosphogypsum?

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
El-Mrabet et al. (p. 1262–1268) present a study on radionuclide (²²⁶Ra, U isotopes) content and fluxes associated with treatments of 13 and 26 Mg ha^-1 of phosphogypsum (PG) and 30 Mg ha^-1 of manure in drained marsh soils from southwestern Spain, based on extensive measurements in drainage waters, soils, and plant samples (cotton leaves). Although no significant effect due to PG was observed, the U concentrations in drainage waters (200 mBq L^-1 for ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U, and about 7 mBq L^-1 for ²³⁵U) were one order of magnitude higher than those described in noncontaminated waters. After two PG applications, no significant difference in ²²⁶Ra concentration was observed in soils, drainage waters, or plant material.

	Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil Fungi?

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
The effect of nonylphenol on fungi following the application of contaminated sewage sludge on agricultural soil was studied in laboratory experiments by Kollmann et al. (p. 1269–1276). Nonylphenol bioavailability and adsorption were determined in soil alone and in soil–sludge mixtures. The dose–response relationship between nonylphenol concentration in the culture medium and both biomass production and germination rate of the spores from several strains of filamentous fungi were examined. Nonylphenol was shown to induce fungal exoenzyme production. It was concluded that the potential of nonylphenol to adversely affect several soil fungi remains low.

	Neutralizing Acidic Mine Drainage

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Acidic mine drainage (AMD) can be effectively neutralized in underground, anoxic limestone drains (ALDs). Owing to reaction between the AMD and limestone, the pH and concentrations of alkalinity and Ca increase asymptotically with detention time in the ALD, while concentrations of sulfate, ferrous Fe, and Mn typically are unaffected. Short-term closed-container (cubitainer) tests described by Cravotta (p. 1277–1289) can be useful to estimate the appropriate mass of limestone and the corresponding alkalinity for the life of the ALD. Results of cubitainer tests indicate the alkalinity production and limestone dissolution rates within the ALD and the long-term trends for limestone remaining at three ALDs that successfully treat AMD at coal mines in Pennsylvania. Thus, cubitainer tests can be a useful tool for designing ALDs and predicting their performance.

	Mineralogical Analysis of Zero-Valent Iron Barriers

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Zero-valent Fe permeable reactive barriers are increasingly being used to remediate contaminated ground water. At present, there are no routine procedures for preparing and analyzing mineral precipitates from zero-valent Fe permeable reactive barriers. Phillips et al. (p. 1299–1305) show careful sample preparation of zero-valent Fe barrier material was needed because mineral precipitates can vary within different size fractions, and Fe oxides can transform when in contact with oxygen. Green rusts transformed into akaganeite after 2 hours in acetone-dried samples, while maghemite/magnetite X-ray diffraction peaks intensified with increased drying time and temperatures. Accurate representation of minerals in zero-valent Fe barriers may improve our predictive capabilities of the rates of zero-valent Fe passivation, formation of precipitates, and barrier lifespans.

	Enhanced Nitrate Removal by Iron

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Research by Huang et al. (p. 1306–1315) demonstrates enhanced nitrate removal by Fe when selected cations are added to the bulk solution at varying pH. While corrosion can reduce the effectiveness of Fe to transform contaminants, magnetite will be the product of Fe oxidation under anoxic conditions, and this oxide coating will not hinder nitrate reduction provided sufficient aqueous Fe²⁺ is present in the system. Nitrate removal also can be enhanced by augmenting the Fe⁰–H₂O system with Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, or Al³⁺, but not Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, or Zn²⁺. Therefore, in situ treatment with permeable Fe barriers may be improved by adding Fe²⁺ (or selected cations) to contaminated ground water before it passes through the barrier.

	Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in Soil

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for productive grass management systems, but it can easily be lost through leaching once the forage and the animals that consume it are done with it. Franzluebbers and Stuedemann (p. 1316–1322) found little evidence for nitrate leaching below the rooting zone of ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass supplied with 214 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 for 5 years. Haying removed the majority of N as fodder for cattle fed elsewhere, while grazing allowed cattle gain on the pasture and promoted reclamation of a previously degraded soil with the majority of N sequestered as surface soil organic matter.

	Manganese Solubility in Reduced Soils