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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Livestock Operations and Odors

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

	Miscalculated Emissions after Pesticide Application

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Volatilization of pesticides after soil application and subsequent atmospheric transport may contribute to pollution at locations remote from their application. Wolters et al. (p. 1183–1193) report predictions of European pesticide registration models deviated markedly from measured volatilization rates. Strongest deviations occurred during the first day after application, suggesting idealized assumptions in current model approaches do not reflect the nonequilibrium state in a concentrated pesticide mixture at the top soil layer. In contrast to the experimentally proven tendency of pesticides toward enhanced volatilization under moist conditions, the models generally calculated decreasing volatilization losses after irrigation. Moreover, the thickness of the top computation layer used as a default value in the calculation procedures was shown to influence the predictions significantly, illustrating the need for a complete revision of the volatilization modules included in the models.

	Nitrate Sink a Trace Gas Source?

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Riparian buffer zones are known to reduce diffuse N pollution of streams by removing and modifying N from agricultural runoff. Denitrification, often identified as the key N removal process, is also considered a major source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O). Hefting et al. (p. 1194–1203) found N₂O emissions were significantly higher in a forested compared with a grassland buffer zone, whereas denitrification rates were not significantly different. Higher rates of N₂O emissions in the forested buffer zone were associated with higher nitrate concentrations in the ground water. Thus, when nitrate loading in riparian buffer zones is high, N₂O is an important end product of denitrification. In these cases, N transformation by buffer zones results in an unfavorable shift from water pollution to an increase in greenhouse gas emission.

	Reclaimed Effluent Affects Nitrogen Transformations

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Extensive use of reclaimed effluent in arid and semiarid regions may enhance the emissions of nitrogenous gases and affect various soil N transformations. Master et al. (p. 1204–1211) conducted field and laboratory experiments, using ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer, and found that irrigation with reclaimed effluent enhanced the fluxes of dinitrogen and ammonia from a Grumosol soil. Emissions of nitrous oxide were not affected by reclaimed effluent in the short term. Nitrification and denitrification were equally important to nitrous oxide production under field conditions; however, the significance of the latter increased with higher moisture content. Saturated conditions significantly increased the amount of dinitrogen and nitrous oxide emitted to the environment. Short-term inhibition of nitrification and enhanced nitrite formation were shown to occur in reclaimed effluent-irrigated soils.

	Additive-Assisted Plant Treatment of Wastewater

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
In the presence of peroxidases, phenols undergo polymerization and precipitate out of the aqueous solution. Some plant materials (e.g., horseradish roots) contain peroxidase activity and show potential for the cleanup of phenol-polluted water. Plant treatment, however, has two drawbacks, (i) inhibition of peroxidase activity by polymers and (ii) color formation. Tonegawa et al. (p. 1222–1227) report that, as in the case of isolated enzymes, these problems could be substantially mitigated by the application of additives, such as polyethylene glycol, surfactants, chitosan gel, and activated carbon.

	Chromate Reduction by Chromium-Resistant Bacteria

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has many industrial applications and as a result may cause environmental contamination in marine and freshwater sediments on urban and industrial discharges. Camargo et al. (p. 1228–1233) characterized chromate reduction by chromate-resistant bacteria isolated from soils. The Cr-resistant bacteria can tolerate up to 2500 mg L^-1 Cr(VI). One bacterial isolate (Bacillus sp. ES 29) aerobically reduced 90% of Cr(VI) in 6 hours. The bacterial consortia and its monoculture isolates are useful for Cr(VI) detoxification at low and high concentrations in Cr(VI)-contaminated environments and under a wide range of environmental conditions.

	Nutrient Amendments and Oil Biodegradation

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Nutrient amendment is a critical factor for bioremediation of oil-contaminated beach sediments. Xu and Obbard (p. 1234–1243) report on the stimulatory effect of slow-release fertilizers Osmocote and Inipol EAP-22, as well as inorganic nutrients, on oil biodegradation in beach sediments using an open irrigation system over a 45-d period. The beneficial effects of both soluble inorganic nutrients and Inipol EAP-22 were found to be limited in duration due to their susceptibility to leaching from sediments. In contrast, Osmocote maintained nutrients at a concentration that resulted in sustained microbial activity and hydrocarbon biodegradation. A combination of soluble nutrients with Osmocote induced a rapid stimulation of the biodegradation process.

	RDX Loss in a Military Training Range Soil

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
On military training ranges, low-order, incomplete detonations deposit hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) into surface soils. Ringelberg et al. (p. 1244–1249) report soil moisture potential can have an acute effect on rates of RDX loss from training range surface soils. Rates of RDX loss from the saturated soils were at least seven times greater than those observed in the unsaturated soils. The fact that organic solvents can influence microbial degradation activity is well established, but, nevertheless, these solvents are often used to introduce organic substrates into soils. The C or N in acetonitrile appears to have interfered with the aerobic biodegradation of RDX when present at 1% of the total aqueous volume. Results emphasize caution is needed when extrapolating laboratory-based results toward the making of far-reaching land management decisions.

	Bioavailability of Isoproturon and its Metabolites in Soil

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Metabolites created by partial degradation of herbicides may interact more strongly with soil components than the mother compound itself, rendering these unavailable for biodegradation and consequently reducing the mineralization of the herbicide molecule. Johannesen et al. (p. 1250–1257) report reduced bioavailability of the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon and its metabolites monodesmethyl-isoproturon and 4-isopropyl-aniline in agricultural soil with increasing residence time. Sorption measurements revealed similar Freundlich constants for isoproturon and monodesmethyl-isoproturon, whereas it was more than fivefold greater for 4-isopropyl-aniline. The findings imply partial degradation of isoproturon to 4-isopropyl-aniline in the soil environment may significantly reduce mineralization of the herbicide molecule due to sorption of the aniline-metabolite to soil. This renders the 4-isopropyl-aniline unavailable for biodegradation, which may reduce the natural attenuation rate of isoproturon in agricultural soils with respect to mineralization of the phenyl structure to CO₂.

	Triticonazole Dissipation after Seed or Soil Treatment

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
The long-term fate, as measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, of the fungicide triticonazole (TTZ) was studied during a period of 140 d by Börjesson et al. (p. 1258–1261). The TTZ was applied to wheat grains as a disinfectant before sowing, or sprayed on bare soil for comparison to the seed treatment. After 56 d in a greenhouse (22°C), 20 and 28% of the TTZ applied remained in the soil and seed treatments, respectively, with corresponding half-lives of 27 and 29 d. The microbial biomass initially decreased in the soil treatment, but had recovered after 56 d. Thus, with respect to dissipation of TTZ and its negligible effect on soil microbial biomass and activity, no long-lasting difference between soil and seed treatments was found.

	Radionuclides Content Influenced by Phosphogypsum?

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
El-Mrabet et al. (p. 1262–1268) present a study on radionuclide (²²⁶Ra, U isotopes) content and fluxes associated with treatments of 13 and 26 Mg ha^-1 of phosphogypsum (PG) and 30 Mg ha^-1 of manure in drained marsh soils from southwestern Spain, based on extensive measurements in drainage waters, soils, and plant samples (cotton leaves). Although no significant effect due to PG was observed, the U concentrations in drainage waters (200 mBq L^-1 for ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U, and about 7 mBq L^-1 for ²³⁵U) were one order of magnitude higher than those described in noncontaminated waters. After two PG applications, no significant difference in ²²⁶Ra concentration was observed in soils, drainage waters, or plant material.

	Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil Fungi?

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
The effect of nonylphenol on fungi following the application of contaminated sewage sludge on agricultural soil was studied in laboratory experiments by Kollmann et al. (p. 1269–1276). Nonylphenol bioavailability and adsorption were determined in soil alone and in soil–sludge mixtures. The dose–response relationship between nonylphenol concentration in the culture medium and both biomass production and germination rate of the spores from several strains of filamentous fungi were examined. Nonylphenol was shown to induce fungal exoenzyme production. It was concluded that the potential of nonylphenol to adversely affect several soil fungi remains low.

	Neutralizing Acidic Mine Drainage

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Acidic mine drainage (AMD) can be effectively neutralized in underground, anoxic limestone drains (ALDs). Owing to reaction between the AMD and limestone, the pH and concentrations of alkalinity and Ca increase asymptotically with detention time in the ALD, while concentrations of sulfate, ferrous Fe, and Mn typically are unaffected. Short-term closed-container (cubitainer) tests described by Cravotta (p. 1277–1289) can be useful to estimate the appropriate mass of limestone and the corresponding alkalinity for the life of the ALD. Results of cubitainer tests indicate the alkalinity production and limestone dissolution rates within the ALD and the long-term trends for limestone remaining at three ALDs that successfully treat AMD at coal mines in Pennsylvania. Thus, cubitainer tests can be a useful tool for designing ALDs and predicting their performance.

	Mineralogical Analysis of Zero-Valent Iron Barriers

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Zero-valent Fe permeable reactive barriers are increasingly being used to remediate contaminated ground water. At present, there are no routine procedures for preparing and analyzing mineral precipitates from zero-valent Fe permeable reactive barriers. Phillips et al. (p. 1299–1305) show careful sample preparation of zero-valent Fe barrier material was needed because mineral precipitates can vary within different size fractions, and Fe oxides can transform when in contact with oxygen. Green rusts transformed into akaganeite after 2 hours in acetone-dried samples, while maghemite/magnetite X-ray diffraction peaks intensified with increased drying time and temperatures. Accurate representation of minerals in zero-valent Fe barriers may improve our predictive capabilities of the rates of zero-valent Fe passivation, formation of precipitates, and barrier lifespans.

	Enhanced Nitrate Removal by Iron

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Research by Huang et al. (p. 1306–1315) demonstrates enhanced nitrate removal by Fe when selected cations are added to the bulk solution at varying pH. While corrosion can reduce the effectiveness of Fe to transform contaminants, magnetite will be the product of Fe oxidation under anoxic conditions, and this oxide coating will not hinder nitrate reduction provided sufficient aqueous Fe²⁺ is present in the system. Nitrate removal also can be enhanced by augmenting the Fe⁰–H₂O system with Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, or Al³⁺, but not Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, or Zn²⁺. Therefore, in situ treatment with permeable Fe barriers may be improved by adding Fe²⁺ (or selected cations) to contaminated ground water before it passes through the barrier.

	Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in Soil

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for productive grass management systems, but it can easily be lost through leaching once the forage and the animals that consume it are done with it. Franzluebbers and Stuedemann (p. 1316–1322) found little evidence for nitrate leaching below the rooting zone of ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass supplied with 214 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 for 5 years. Haying removed the majority of N as fodder for cattle fed elsewhere, while grazing allowed cattle gain on the pasture and promoted reclamation of a previously degraded soil with the majority of N sequestered as surface soil organic matter.

	Manganese Solubility in Reduced Soils

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Reducing conditions in soils may potentially release trace metals associated with Mn oxides. Green et al. (p. 1323–1334) found that within 84 hours of saturation of unmixed soil columns with water, soluble concentrations of Zn and Ni were positively correlated with soluble Mn. The concentrations of Zn and Ni were greater than that predicted based on the content of these elements in the Mn oxide fraction alone. Increases in total electrolyte concentration indicate cation exchange may contribute to the release of Zn and Ni following soil reduction.

	Reduced Lead Absorption by Rats

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Hettiarachchi et al. (p. 1335–1345) determined the extent of Pb absorption in young rats fed untreated Pb-contaminated soil or Pb-contaminated soil treated with two different sources of P and P + Mn oxide. Either triple superphosphate (TSP) or phosphate rock (PR) treatments resulted in significant reductions in blood, kidney, liver, and bone Pb concentrations compared with the untreated soil. For some tissues, Pb concentrations for the PR + Mn oxide group were significantly lower than those of the PR group. Relative bioavailability of Pb, as measured in all tissues, was significantly reduced when comparing untreated with amended soil. Correlation between in vitro, physiologically based extraction test and animal data, based on bone and liver tissue, showed the in vitro test is successful at predicting Pb bioavailability.

	Modest Cadmium Stress Induces Thiols

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Plants detoxify reactive metals such as Cd by producing small thiol-containing compounds that can chelate metals inside plant cells. Maier et al. (p. 1356–1364) report that when lettuce is exposed to low environmentally relevant Cd concentrations in a chelator-buffered growth medium, measurable increases are evident for both phytochelatin, an enzymatically synthesized detoxification peptide, and its immediate precursor, glutathione. This study confirms that thiol production, known to be important at high Cd concentrations, is also important under conditions of low to modest Cd stress.

	Dissolved Organic Carbon in Riparian Subsoils

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fuels microbial activity in riparian aquifers and thus plays a major role in defining the capacity of these ecosystems to act as nitrate sinks. Jacinthe et al. (p. 1365–1374) examined DOC fate in an experiment during which aquifer mesocosms taken from underneath the poorly drained (PD) and moderately well-drained (MWD) sections of a riparian forest were dosed with unamended or DOC-amended ground water. The PD mesocosms were more biologically active and produced twice as much carbon dioxide as the MWD cores. In contrast, the MWD mesocosms retained nearly half of the DOC added during the experiment, whereas the PD mesocosms showed a net C loss as DOC. Results indicate the fates (decomposition, sorption) of DOC vary with soil drainage characteristics across the landscape.

	Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus Risk in Overland Flow

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Phosphorus can rapidly accumulate at the surface of pasture or no-till soils that repeatedly receive fertilizer or manure, increasing the risk of P loss in overland flow. Sharpley (p. 1375–1384) demonstrates that mixing high P surface and low P subsurface soil to simulate field plowing dramatically decreases soil test P levels compared with original stratified levels. When soils with high P levels at the surface were plowed, P loss in overland flow was decreased, as long as plowing-induced erosion is minimized. Results show a one-time plowing of P-stratified soils may reduce the long-term loss of P in overland flow and provide landowners an additional option in keeping these soils in production, as long as future fertilizer or manure applications are P-based.

	Aging Effects on Sorption–Desorption

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Field studies have demonstrated prolonged pesticide–soil contact times (aging) may lead to unexpected persistence of these compounds in the environment. Sharer et al. (p. 1385–1392) report greater sorption of the pesticides ethylene dibromide and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid after 14 months aging compared with just 24 hours. For chlorobenzene, sorption by soil after 24 hours, 1 month, and 14 months of aging was statistically indistinguishable, indicating aging effects on sorption may be compound specific. Aging affected the distribution of chemicals within sorption sites. With aging, the desorbable fraction decreased and the nondesorbable fraction, which was apparent after only 24 hours of pesticide–soil contact, increased for all chemicals studied.

	Dynamic Disc Could Beat Boring Batch

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Batch equilibrium techniques poorly represent dynamic interactions between soil and potential contaminates. Smith et al. (p. 1393–1404) found dual-labeled nonequilibrium disc-flow reveals these dynamic interactions. Thin-disc flow experiments used ³H-water and either ¹⁴C-atrazine or ¹⁴C-imazaquin. At the peak soil concentration, 20% of the total pulsed atrazine sorbed in soil. The corresponding K_f was 1.54. This equaled a 5-minute concentration-specific K_f of 1.51 with batch techniques. The thin-disc flow experiments failed to detect imazaquin retention. Comparing data generated with the thin-disc method to batch equilibrium partitioning coefficients is similar to comparing slow-motion replay to freeze-frame photography. Each can give important related information, but only the thin-disc method can easily show dynamic changes over a relatively small time frame. Dynamic data may better complement environmental models than coefficients generated with batch equilibrium techniques.

	Cattle Urine May Pollute Water

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Nitrogen in grazing cattle urine may be valuable for grass growth but also undergoes many pathways of losses to the atmosphere and water. Decau et al. (p. 1405–1413) report that regardless of soil type, 17% of urinary N applied in fall was leached, compared with less than 1% for spring urine deposition. Actually, during the drainage period following fall grazing, nitrate content of water exceeded recommendations for drinking water. Moreover, urinary N utilization by herbage and losses were significantly related to soil properties. Manipulating grazing season according to soil type might be effective in reducing the grazing impact on water quality in low drainage areas.

	Salty Soils from Sweet Mangos?

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
The introduction of irrigated mango production systems can quickly modify certain chemical properties of soils in semiarid regions of the tropics. Heck et al. (p. 1414–1421) conducted a detailed comparison of soil solutions in a young mango orchard with those of an adjacent clearing in natural caatinga vegetation in northeastern Brazil. Yield-limiting soil salinity was not yet encountered, but levels were two to three times higher in the orchard than the clearing. While increases in the concentration of Ca, Mg, and K could be related to soil fertilizer and amendments, higher Na concentrations were attributed to irrigation water from the Sao Francisco River, and especially capillary rise of saline ground water. The impact of microtopography on soil solution chemistry was also more pronounced within the orchard.

	Phosphorus in Runoff and Soil

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Phosphorus (P) in runoff from soils enriched in P from poultry litter may cause eutrophication of downstream waters. Gaston et al. (p. 1422–1429) used a series of simulated rainfalls on four north Louisiana sites and found total and dissolved P in runoff were highest from sites with the longest histories of litter application (none applied during or 2 years before the study). High concentrations were also generated from sites with shorter histories of application, but runoff P from these sites substantially decreased following the first rainfall simulation (June 1998) to the last (December 1999). Runoff P concentrations were linearly related to P determined by a miscible displacement method (r² = 0.70) and water-extractable P (r² = 0.64). Other measures of soil P, including common soil tests, were poorer predictors of runoff P (average r² = 0.42).

	Nutrient Retention in the River Rhine

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Venterink et al. (p. 1430–1435) evaluated the importance of floodplains for nutrient retention in two distributaries of the river Rhine (Waal and IJssel) by monitoring N and P retention in a body of water during downstream transport. Total N did not decrease significantly during downstream transport in both rivers, whereas 20 to 45% of total P disappeared during transport in the river IJssel, but not in the river Waal. In the IJssel, absolute P retention (g P s^-1 km^-1) increased with increasing percentage of the discharge flowing through floodplains. Relative P retention (% of P load) increased with decreasing river depth and flow velocity.

	Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by Tillage and Soil Phosphorus

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Runoff from agricultural land has been identified as a major source of contamination of surface water supplies. Daverede et al. (p. 1436–1444) report tillage, soil test level, and method of fertilizer application had a significant impact on the concentration of P runoff. Runoff was collected from simulated rainfall applied to field plots with varying soil test levels under two tillage systems, no-till and chisel plow. Runoff from no-till had higher concentrations of dissolved reactive P compared with chisel-plow. The relationship between dissolved reactive P and Bray P1 soil extraction values was approximated by an S-shaped curve for no-till and by a linear function for tilled. Bray P1 soil extraction values and sediment concentration in runoff were related to the concentrations and amounts of algal-available and total P in runoff. Results suggest management practices that reduce sediment runoff and keep surface Bray P1 soil concentrations near the level needed for optimum crop production will minimize the amount of dissolved reactive, total, and algal-available P loss in runoff from agricultural fields.

	Sugarcane Residue Influences Herbicide Retention

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Selim et al. (p. 1445–1454) evaluated the effectiveness of sugarcane residue (mulch cover) in reducing nonpoint-source contamination of applied atrazine, metribuzin, and pendimethalin from sugarcane fields. Specifically, the effect of mulch residue on herbicide retention was quantified. The presence of mulch residue on the sugarcane rows was highly beneficial in minimizing runoff losses of the herbicides applied. When the residue was not removed, a reduction in runoff-effluent concentrations, as much as 50% for atrazine and pendimethalin, was realized.

	Estimating Nitrate Leaching

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Nitrate leaching has resulted in degradation of ground water quality. Ren et al. (p. 1455–1463) conducted a field experiment to study nitrate transport and leaching in a deep drained soil. They considered N transformations in soil and plant uptake, the potential by-pass flow, the characteristic of deep drainage, nonuniform distributions of initial nitrate concentration in soils, and related these factors to the nitrate leaching process. After incorporating the factors into a transfer function model, the accuracy of modeling nitrate leaching was improved significantly. Therefore, the transfer function model provides a useful tool to characterize nitrate transport with transformations and plant uptake in soils.

	Nitrate Transfer Functions

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Nitrate leaching is a major issue in cultivated soils and modeling is required to improve management practices. A convective-lognormal transfer function was convoluted with functional equations simulating N dynamics at the soil surface by Gasser et al. (p. 1464–1473) to predict nitrate leaching in sandy soils. Using this approach, small nitrate concentrations measured in drainable lysimeters (1-meter soil depth) at the beginning of the cropping season (May) would result mainly from small initial soil nitrate concentrations. Important drainage events coupled with complete dissolution and nitrification of N fertilizers at midseason, and declining N uptake by potato plants (July–August) would significantly increase nitrate concentrations. Decreases in nitrate concentrations before the end of year (November–December) underline the predominant effect of N fertilizers acting as a pulse input of solute at the beginning of the season.

	Determining Denitrification Model Parameters

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
The use of the Competitive Michaelis–Menten model for denitrification reaction has been limited due to the scarcity of information on the model parameters. Previous researchers have employed transient experiments in determining the parameters. Kim et al. (p. 1474–1480) performed continuous experiments to determine them and found some difference in a parameter from that of the previous researches. With the model and parameters, the behavior of all the N oxides in denitrification can be identified simultaneously, as well as the importance of the use of floodplain in the effort of improving the river water quality. The use of the model and parameters will help enhance the effectiveness and minimize the adverse effect of the floodplain filtration.

	Diet Modifications Reduce Phosphorus in Pig Manure

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Optimizing dietary P management and accurately characterizing the bioavailability of manure P have gained importance with the introduction of P-based land application limits. Baxter et al. (p. 1481–1489) report on P reductions in fresh pig excreta and stored slurry caused by feeding diets containing high available P corn and phytase. Low-P diets were modified by replacing normal corn with high available phosphorus (HAP) corn, by adding 600 phytase units kg^-1 (PHY), and by using both HAP corn and phytase (HAP + PHY). The PHY, HAP, and HAP + PHY diets decreased fecal total phosphorus (TP) by 19, 17, and 40% respectively, compared with the control, and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) was 36% lower in the HAP + PHY diet compared with the other diets. When stored as slurry up to 150 days, relative fractions (% of TP) of DRP, dissolved organic P, acid-soluble organic P, and phytate-P generally decreased, with largest decreases occurring within 60 to 90 days. Relative fractions of DRP in simulated mixed-age slurries were higher in HAP and HAP + PHY diets, indicating diet may impact P losses under certain P-based application scenarios.

	Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes Manure Phosphorus

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Animal manures contain large amounts of soluble P that is particularly prone to runoff losses, contributing to widespread declines in water quality. Dou et al. (p. 1490–1497) found this P can be mostly stabilized by treating manures with coal fly ash; the latter is generated in vast amounts at coal-burning power plants as by-products. Through a series of laboratory trials mixing dairy, swine, or broiler litter samples with fly ash materials, water-soluble P was reduced by up to 80%. The P is shifted into chemical forms that are less vulnerable to environmental losses, yet still available for crop uptake over the long term.

	Recycled Biosolids Make Great Fertilizers

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Biosolids make great N fertilizers—but how much should be applied so plant needs are met and the environment is protected? Gilmour et al. (p. 1498–1507) report all that is needed is a routine biosolids analysis and climate for the area. This information is input into a computer simulation model named Decomposition, which estimates plant-available N for a specified time period. Matching plant-available N estimates to plant needs minimizes environmental dangers such as nitrate release to ground and surface waters.

	Composting and Coliforms in Beef Feedlot Manure

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Composting is often promoted as a means of reducing pathogen levels in manure. Larney et al. (p. 1508–1515) showed 99.9% of total coliforms and Escherichia coli were eliminated in the first 7 days of composting when average windrow temperatures ranged from 33.5 to 41.5°C. The type of pen bedding (straw vs. wood chips) did not influence coliform populations. Results show land application of feedlot manure compost minimizes the risk of spreading pathogenic bacteria to a wider environment.

	Invisible Carbon in Sewage Sludge

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides the best measure of the gross chemical composition of soil organic matter. Smernik et al. (p. 1516–1522) report the technique most commonly used to analyze soil organic matter—cross polarization (CP)—fails to detect about 30% of C in sewage sludge. Comparison of the CP spectra with spectra acquired using the less sensitive, but more quantitatively reliable, Bloch decay technique shows the CP-invisible C in mostly long-chain saturated alkyl C. To be CP-invisible, this alkyl C must have a high degree of molecular mobility, and may represent an oily phase with a high affinity for hydrophobic organic contaminants.

	Sludge Carbon = Plant + Bacteria

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
As well as providing an average chemical structure of organic matter, solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be used to detect heterogeneity at submicrometer scales. Smernik et al. (p. 1523–1533) report sewage sludge consists of two distinct types or domains of organic matter that are spatially separated. One domain type is rich in cellulose and lignin structures and is identified as partly degraded plant material. The other domain type is rich in protein and lipid structures and is identified as dead bacterial material. The rapid ¹H relaxation rates that distinguish the bacterial domains are also the cause of underestimation of these domains in ¹³C cross polarization (CP) spectra. The heterogeneous nature of sewage sludge organic matter will affect physical properties, including rate and mode of decomposition and its ability to bind hydrophobic organic contaminants.

	Restored Wetland Removes Nutrients

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Restored wetlands can remove pollutants from agricultural runoff, but removal rates may be limited and difficult to quantify when runoff enters in brief, high-volume pulses. Jordan et al. (p. 1534–1547) used automated flow-proportional sampling to monitor the removal of nutrients and suspended solids by a 1.3-hectare restored wetland receiving highly variable inflows from a 14-hectare agricultural watershed in Maryland, USA. The efficiency of nutrient removal was higher in the first year of the study than in the second year, which had a wetter summer. For the entire 2-year period, the wetland removed 25% of the ammonium, 52% of the nitrate, and 34% of the organic C it received, but there was no significant net removal of suspended solids or other forms of N and P. Although the variability of inflow may have decreased the capacity of the wetland to remove materials, the wetland still reduced nonpoint-source pollution.

	Constructed Wetlands Remove Pesticides

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
Pesticide use by container nurseries demand that pesticide removal treatment systems be examined to prevent potential contamination of water. Stearman et al. (p. 1548–1556) report vegetated subsurface flow gravel constructed wetland cells remove 80% of the pesticides in runoff water from a container nursery. Fourteen constructed wetland cells were used to evaluate pesticide loading rates, depth of cell, and presence of plants on pesticide removal from a container nursery. Vegetated cells at low loading rates, corresponding to 2- or 3-day hydraulic retention times, removed >85% of pesticides in the runoff water during a 2-year period.

	Selenium Removal and Mass Balance in a Wetland

TOP Livestock Operations and Odors Miscalculated Emissions after... Nitrate Sink a Trace... Reclaimed Effluent Affects... Additive-Assisted Plant... Chromate Reduction by Chromium... Nutrient Amendments and Oil... RDX Loss in a... Bioavailability of Isoproturon... Triticonazole Dissipation after... Radionuclides Content Influenced... Does Nonylphenol Affect Soil... Neutralizing Acidic Mine... Mineralogical Analysis of Zero... Enhanced Nitrate Removal by... Grazing Keeps Nitrogen in... Manganese Solubility in Reduced... Reduced Lead Absorption by... Modest Cadmium Stress Induces... Dissolved Organic Carbon in... Soil Mixing Decreases Phosphorus... Aging Effects on Sorption... Dynamic Disc Could Beat... Cattle Urine May Pollute... Salty Soils from Sweet... Phosphorus in Runoff and... Nutrient Retention in the... Phosphorus Runoff Influenced by... Sugarcane Residue Influences... Estimating Nitrate Leaching Nitrate Transfer Functions Determining Denitrification... Diet Modifications Reduce... Coal Fly Ash Stabilizes... Recycled Biosolids Make Great... Composting and Coliforms in... Invisible Carbon in Sewage... Sludge Carbon = Plant... Restored Wetland Removes... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Selenium Removal and Mass...

 
A vegetated flow-through wetland system was tested by Gao et al. (p. 1557–1570) to remove selenate from agricultural subsurface drainage in the San Joaquin Valley of California, before discharge into evaporation basins. The wetland cells reduced Se concentration from 21 to 55% of the inflow and removed Se mass from 48 to 76% of the inflow. Most of the Se retained within the wetland cells was in the surface mineral sediment and organic detrital layer.

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