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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Bioleaching of Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

	Defining Desired Soil Organic Matter Contents

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Three approaches to define maximum and lowest desirable soil C contents for four New Zealand soil orders were compared by Sparling et al. (p. 760–766). A statistical approach used means and quartile values from soil survey data, a modeling approach estimated equilibrium values for long-term pastures, and calculated a minimum value that still allowed recovery to a target value within 25 years. The third approach used expert panel opinion to define minimum acceptable C contents for production and environmental criteria. The different desirable C contents obtained by the three approaches, and their relative strengths and weaknesses, are discussed.

	Growing Safe Vegetables on Contaminated Soil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Contamination of soil by arsenic (As) presents a hazard in many countries and there is a need for techniques to minimize As uptake by plants. Warren and Alloway (p. 767–772) took soil containing 577 mg As Kg^-1 from a former As smelter site, applied commercial-grade ferrous sulfate and ground agricultural lime to the soil, and grew lettuce in a glasshouse. Lettuce As concentration could be reduced by up to 89%, to values well below the legal limit for foods. Arsenic was adsorbed on the iron oxides which were precipitated from ferrous sulfate, and lime was required to maintain soil pH, otherwise potentially toxic metals including Mn, Ni, and Zn were mobilized. The application of ferrous sulfate can therefore be used as part of the in situ remediation of contaminated land to a quality which enables food crops to be grown.

	Acid and Lime in Minesoil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Pyritic overburden can be limed with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to neutralize potential acidity produced by iron sulfide (FeS₂) oxidation. Hossner and Doolittle (p. 773–780) found the dissolution of CaCO₃ was faster than the oxidation of FeS₂ at pH values above 4 and greater than 1000 mm rainfall. It was projected that at lime rates up to 125% of the acid–base account deficit, CaCO₃ would dissolve and leach out of the system before all the FeS₂ oxidized, leaving the potential for acid minesoil formation.

	Going Deeper to Treat Highly Acidic Minespoils

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
During reclamation of acidic minespoils it would be desirable to know if the usually shallow surface treatment can also result in a reduction of acidity and Al toxicity in the subsoil. Von Willert and Stehouwer (p. 781–788) amended the surface layer of greenhouse columns containing highly acidic minespoil material with various combinations of limestone, gypsum, and compost. While plants could grow in the treated material whenever limestone or large quantities of compost were added, none of the treatments significantly reduced acidity and Al toxicity in the subsoil, where a jurbanite-like solid phase buffered solution Al activity in the subsoil and prevented any lasting decrease of subsoil toxicity. During the surface reclamation of highly acidic minespoils, one should not expect a significant improvement of the untreated subsoil material and a liming agent should be incorporated deep enough to ensure sustainable plant growth.

	Protecting Ground Water from Nitrates

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
A portion of an unconfined, glacial-outwash aquifer in northwestern Washington, USA, is shown by Mitchell et al. (p. 789–800) to have a nitrate distribution characteristic of nonpoint agricultural sources. Hydrogeologic information, N isotope values, and statistical analyses indicate a nitrate concentration stratification in the aquifer. The nitrate stratification was linked to sources originating in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, and sources from northwestern Washington, USA. Identification of multiple sources of ground water nitrate in northwestern Washington adds to the difficulty in assessing and implementing local nutrient management plans for protecting drinking water in the region.

	Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests Help Manage Waste Water

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
The use of horticultural-type mini-sprinklers in pine forests of the southeastern USA offers a new and economical means of trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) remediation from contaminated ground water. Air sparging via mini-sprinklers by Berisford et al. (p. 801–815) reduced dissolved concentrations of TCE and PCE by 96 to 100% from water that had been spiked at 1000 µg L^-1 TCE and 546 µg L^-1 PCE. Mini-sprinkler systems offer the advantages of easy set-up on practically any terrain, operation over a long period of time at a rate that would not threaten aquifer depletion, use on small or confined aquifers in which the capacity is too low to support large irrigation or purging systems, and use in forests in which trees could help manage (via evapotranspiration) excess waste water. The use of mini-sprinklers in pine forests in the southeastern USA is particularly advantageous in that pine trees can help manage excess waste water during year-round mini-sprinkler operations.

	Slowing Down Virus Movement in Soil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Knowledge of factors that influence fate and transport of viruses in soils and aquifers is critical to making accurate determinations of ground water vulnerability to pathogens and to developing regulations that are protective of public health. Zhuang and Jin (p. 816–823) investigated effects of different forms of soil organic matter on retention and transport of two bacteriophages (MS-2 and X174). The effect of organic matter varied depending on the organic material properties and the type of viruses involved. If the dominant mechanism controlling organic matter–virus interaction were electrostatic, presence of organic matter facilitated virus transport, and if the dominant mechanism were hydrophobic, virus transport would be retarded. In natural soils, the effect of organic matter was generally dominated by electrostatic rather than hydrophobic interactions.

	Evaluating Copper Contamination in a Vineyard Soil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Vineyard soils have been extensively contaminated by the long-term application of Cu-based fungicides. There is, however, a lack of appropriate, standardized tests to evaluate the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of metals to plants, especially for Cu, which tends to accumulate in the roots. Chaignon and Hinsinger (p. 824–833) propose a novel biotest that enables an easy access to roots, shoots, and rhizosphere soil and define the optimal conditions for operating this biotest. An 8-day period is the best option for obtaining significant plant growth, whereas nutrient solution provides better standardized conditions than deionized water for comparing widely differing soil samples. The findings do not show any Cu phytotoxicity in spite of the fairly large Cu content of the studied vineyard, calcareous soil.

	How Do Grasses Grow on Zinc-Contaminated Soils?

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
In the greenhouse, Palazzo et al. (p. 834–840) evaluated shoot and root growth and metal uptake of four cool-season grasses grown on a high-Zn soil covered by a mixture of biosolids, fly ash, and burnt lime. While wheatgrass and tall fescue had the strongest root growth in surface layers (0–5 cm) of clean soil or biosolids, wheatgrass roots were at least two times more dense than those of the other grasses in a second layer (5–27 cm) of Zn-contaminated soil. When grown over Zn-contaminated soil in the second layer, hard fescue (with 422 mg Zn kg^-1) was the only species not to have phytotoxic levels of Zn in shoots; tall fescue had the highest Zn uptake (1533 mg kg^-1). Thus, the best long-term survivors in high-Zn soils should be wheatgrass—due to its ability to root deeply into Zn-contaminated soils—and hard fescue—with its ability to effectively exclude toxic Zn uptake.

	Sorption and Transport of Arsenic below the Soil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Interactions with solid phases strongly impacts As(V) transport in the subsurface. Williams et al. (p. 841–850) describe the results of batch and column experiments into the adsorption and transport of As(V) in a heterogeneous, iron oxide–containing soil and investigate the use of commonly used models to predict As(V) adsorption and transport. Arsenic(V) breakthrough in column experiments occurred more rapidly than predicted by equilibrium models due to adsorption nonequilibrium. However, due to the presence of an irreversible or slowly desorbing fraction, the peak aqueous As(V) concentration and the total amount of As(V) recovered were lower than predicted based on equilibrium models. For the conditions utilized in this study, the effect on As(V) mobility and recovery increased in the order pH < pore water velocity < PO₄.

	Reducing Environmental Hazards in a Wetland

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Mine tailings containing percent concentrations of Pb and Zn were deposited in a wetland in northern Idaho. These materials were capped with a compost and wood ash mixture in field and greenhouse studies by DeVolder et al. (p. 851–864). Supplemental sulfate was also added to some treatments. The cap was sufficient to restore a functional microbial community and a healthy plant cover to the tailings. As a result, the ensuing reducing conditions were sufficient to cause a change in the mineral form in the Pb in the tailings, which resulted in a reduction in their bioavailability. Results suggest it may be possible to treat metal-contaminated materials in situ in a wetland environment and thereby reduce the environmental hazards associated with the metals.

	Heavy Metals Released from Soils

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Mobile heavy metals in soils may adversely affect environmental quality. Voegelin et al. (p. 865–875) investigated the release of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu from four contaminated soils using homogeneously packed soil columns. These were leached with 10² M CaCl₂ to characterize the exchangeable metal pool and subsequently with 10² M CaCl₂ adjusted to pH 3.0 to study the potential of metal release in response to soil acidification. Results from the column leaching experiments were compared with the amounts of metals released in single and sequential batch extraction experiments. Results demonstrate column leaching experiments represent a powerful tool to study the coupling of various processes relevant for heavy metal release such as cation exchange, calcite dissolution and other proton buffering reactions, proton-induced metal release, and metal-specific readsorption.

	Public Health Risks Linked to Arsenic in Soil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Soil ingestion by children is an important pathway in assessing public health risks associated with exposure to As-contaminated soils. Most risk from As is associated with the forms of As that are biologically available for absorption, or "bioavailable" to humans. Rodriguez et al. (p. 876–884) studied the ability of five soil chemical methods to extract various pools of soil As correlated with bioavailable As, measured from in vivo immature swine dosing trials. The strongest relationship between As determined by soil chemical extraction and in vivo bioavailable As was found for hydroxylamine hydrochloride extractant. Soil chemical extraction methods similar to hydroxylamine hydrochloride provide a better estimate of bioavailable As than total As content in contaminated soil and may be useful in human risk assessment.

	Uranium and Nickel in the Environment

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
The discharge of metallurgical process wastes to a small stream on the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River site from the 1950s until the 1970s has resulted in widespread contamination of shallow organic, Fe-rich sediments with U, Ni, and other heavy metals. As part of ongoing research on the chemical speciation, bioavailability, and trophic transfer of contaminants in this complex, dynamic environment, Sowder et al. (p. 885–898) examined the influence of Fe oxides and organic matter on the partitioning and availability of U and Ni in sediments. Sequential and nonsequential extractions indicate the partitioning of U and Ni is primarily controlled by sediment organic C and Fe-oxide phases, respectively. In spite of comparable sediment concentrations, Ni appears to be significantly more labile than U in these riparian sediments and, therefore, warrants greater consideration in terms of environmental transport, biological uptake, and ecological toxicity.

	It All Comes Out in the Wash

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
One of the few effective strategies currently available for the remediation of metal-contaminated soils is soil washing with synthetic chemicals. Many of the more effective soil washing agents are either destructive to soil physical, chemical, and biological properties or present future hazards due to their recalcitrance in environmental systems. Neilson et al. (p. 899–908) evaluated the potential of the nondestructive, readily degradable soil washing agents, rhamnolipid biosurfactant and carboxymethyl-ß-cyclodextrin (CMCD), for Pb removal from two aged, contaminated soils. Lead removal by 10 mM rhamnolipid and 5.3% CMCD solutions exceeded removal by 10 mM KNO₃ and 50 mM Ca(NO₃)₂ by an order of magnitude, but was significantly less effective than removal by the synthetic, chelator solution, 10 mM DTPA. Both rhamnolipid and CMCD removed the soluble and exchangeable Pb fractions from both soils, but demonstrated minimal potential for the removal of carbonate and iron oxide–bound metals.

	Copper and Zinc Runoff Affects Water Pollution

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Increased anthropogenic inputs of Cu and Zn in soils have caused considerable concern relative to their impact on water contamination. Field experiments by Zhang et al. (p. 909–915) studied dissolved Cu and Zn losses in runoff in Florida sandy soils under commercial citrus and vegetable production and the relationship between soil-extractable Cu and Zn forms and dissolved Cu and Zn concentrations in runoff water. Mean dissolved Cu in field runoff water was significantly correlated with the extractable Cu obtained by the 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂, Mehlich-1, or DTPA-TEA methods. Dissolved Zn in runoff water was only significantly correlated with extractable Zn by the 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂. The highest correlations to dissolved Cu in runoff were obtained when soil-available Cu was extracted by the 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂. Both runoff discharge and 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂ extractable Cu and Zn levels had significant influences on Cu and Zn loads in surface runoff.

	Nitrate Exported in Drainage Waters

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The high quality of irrigation management attained with sprinkler irrigation, coupled with post-plant splitting of fertilizer N through the irrigation systems, resulted in low drainage NO₃–N losses in work by Cavero et al. (p. 916–926). Even though drainage nitrate concentrations were above 10 mg L^-1, N loads were low, allowing for the attainment of a sensible compromise between profitability and reduced N pollution in irrigation return flows.

	Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff

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Grassed waterways are commonly used for a safe drainage of surface runoff from agricultural watersheds. In an 8-year landscape experiment, Fiener and Auerswald (p. 927–936) tested the effectiveness of two grassed waterways to reduce runoff and sediment delivery from small agricultural watersheds. A strong reduction in runoff (10 and 90%, respectively) and sediment delivery (77 and 97%, respectively) was possible without sward damaging sedimentation in the grassed waterways, because both were combined with an intensive soil conservation system in the watersheds. The large difference in runoff reduction between the two grassed waterways resulted primarily from layout differences. Particles of >50 µm were settled due to gravity in both grassed waterways. Smaller particles were primarily settled due to infiltration, which increased with a more effective runoff reduction.

	Phosphorus Losses Linked to Eutrophication

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Edge-of-field P losses linked to eutrophication can be modified by benthic sediments during stream flow. McDowell and Sharpley (p. 937–948) studied the uptake and release of P in overland flow when diluted by water flowing over stream sediments in a purpose-built fluvarium. Phosphorus uptake from overland flow (4 mg dissolved reactive phosphorus [DRP] and 9 mg total phosphorus [TP] L^-1) from manured soils was associated with Al and Fe hydrous oxides for sediments from forested areas (pH 5.2–5.4) and by Ca for sediments from agricultural areas (pH 6.5–7.2). After 24 hours, DRP concentration in flow was related to sediment EPC₀ (i.e., solution P concentration at which no net sorption or desorption of P occurs). Following uptake, fresh P-free water was circulated over the sediments, resulting in P release kinetics that followed an exponential function. Microbial biomass accounted for up to 43% of P uptake from manure-rich overland flow. Abiotic and biotic processes, and the overall potential for stream sediments to buffer P inputs from overland flow, should be considered in the spatial management of the landscape if remedial strategies are to be effective.

	Model Shows Acidic Pesticide Sorption in Soils

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Modeling soil sorption of strongly acidic pesticides in variable-charged soils requires consideration of conformational changes of soil organic matter. We commonly think of the effect of pH on ionized pesticides but seldom think of the pH effect on soil organic matter as it affects pesticide sorption. A model of acidic pesticide sorption in soils was developed by Spadotto and Hornsby (p. 949–956) from theoretical modeling and use of experimental data, which initially considered a combination of a strongly acidic pesticide and a variable-charge soil with high clay content. Dissociation of 2,4-D was not sufficient to explain variations of K_d as a function of pH. Accessibility of soil organic functional groups able to interact with the pesticide (conformational changes) as a function of organic matter dissociation is proposed to explain the observed differences in sorption. Experimental 2,4-D sorption data and K_oc values from the literature for flumetsulam and sulfentrazone in several soils fit the model.

	Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil and Ground Water

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Contamination of soils and ground water systems by denser-than-water nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) is a serious yet difficult environmental problem, attributable to their long-term source impact and highly toxic nature, low solubility, high interfacial tension, and the sinking tendency below the water table. Soil spatial variability and heterogeneity make the problem even more challenging. Zhang et al. (p. 957–965) report average DNAPL recovery decreases with increasing soil heterogeneity, variability of the temporal distributions of DNAPL increases with time as well as soil heterogeneity, and cleanup time (or remediation costs) increases dramatically with soil heterogeneity.

	Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on Soils

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Predictive models for evaluating acidic pesticide behavior on variable-charge soils that are needed to improve pesticide management and environmental stewardship typically do not account for sorption to positively charged surface sites. Hyun et al. (p. 966–976) measured sorption of a model organic acid, pentachlorophenol, by variable-charge soils from aqueous CaCl₂, CaSO₄, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ solutions of varying pH. Results showed that (i) pentachlorophenolate exchange correlated well with the pH-dependent anion-exchange capacity (AEC) normalized to net surface charge; (ii) increasing contribution of pentachlorophenolate exchange to the overall sorption process with decreasing soil pH and increasing normalized AEC; and (iii) sorption was reversible, indicative of nonspecific anion exchange. The research demonstrated sorption to anion exchange sites in variable-charge soils should be considered in assessing pesticide mobility, and application of phosphate fertilizer is likely to increase the mobility of preapplied acidic pesticides.

	Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mountain Soils

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soil samples from Tenerife Island at various altitudes representing the stable atmospheric layers at this site such as vertical mixing, trade-wind inversion, and free troposphere were analyzed by Ribes et al. (p. 977–987). Total PAH concentrations, 2 to 6000 µg/kg, were high compared with those from tropical areas and similar to those from temperate zones. In the vertical mixing layer fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and chrysene + triphenylene were the major compounds, the higher abundance of fluoranthene over pyrene reflecting photo-oxidative processes. In the inversion layer, the high intensity of PAH photo-oxidation led to dominance of benzofluoranthenes, benzo[e]pyrene, and indeno[cd,1,2,3]pyrene impeding specific source assignment. The distinct PAH distributions in the free tropospheric region suggested a direct input from pyrolytic processes related to the volcanic emissions in Teide.

	Simple Method Detects Tritium Contamination

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Cost-effective methods are needed to identify the presence and distribution of tritium near radioactive waste disposal sites and other contaminated sites. Andraski et al. (p. 988–995) present a simple method based on collection and solar distillation of plant water from foliage, followed by filtration and adsorption of scintillation-interfering constituents on a graphite-based solid phase extraction column. Tritium concentrations in plant water determined with the new method did not differ significantly from those determined with the standard, and more laborious, toluene-extraction method or from concentrations in water vapor of root-zone soil. Thus, the new method can provide a simple and cost-effective way to collect plume-scale data and optimize placement of more sophisticated monitoring equipment. Although work to date has focused on one desert plant, the approach may be transferable to other species and environments after site-specific experiments.

	Recovering Nutrients with a Sod-Based System

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Year-round forage systems are used in dairy sprayfields within the Lower Suwannee River Watershed in northern Florida to recover nutrients in manure effluent. Woodard et al. (p. 996–1007) compared N removal in a dairy sprayfield for two sod-based systems with three rates of effluent N application, and present nitrate leaching patterns over four consecutive 12-month cycles. Differences between the corn–bermudagrass (perennial)–rye (CBR) and corn–perennial peanut–rye (CPR) systems were primarily related to the performance of the perennial sod components. Over the four cycles, yield and N removal declined for bermudagrass and increased for perennial peanut. Nitrate leaching was maintained at low levels only in CBR plots during the first cycle. Neither system was recommended for long-term prevention of nitrate leaching in dairy sprayfields in the Suwannee River area.

	Mine Waste Influences Tree Seedling Growth

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Redfield et al. (p. 1008–1014) examined the effects of oil sands tailings on the growth, survival, and mineral composition of a boreal forest species, red osier dogwood. Plants were grown for 3 months in either reclamation soil, gypsum-based composite tailings (CT), or alum-based composite tailings and watered with either Hoagland solution, or Hoagland solution made with the corresponding CT release water. Seedlings grown in reclamation soil and irrigated with CT release water performed better in terms of growth and survival than those grown in tailings substrates, despite similar pore water chemistry. There was little difference in plant performance between alum and gypsum CT, and the detection of anoxic conditions in both the CT substrates suggested it was structure rather than chemistry that affected plants the most. Successful revegetation of either substrate will require roots to have access to an adequate volume of capping material, but should not be inhibited by waters released from the CT.

	Timing of Fertilizer Use Linked to Nitrates in Rivers

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Soil testing in late spring and cornstalk testing in the fall were used in surveys by Balkcom et al. (p. 1015–1024) to evaluate N management practices used in Iowa over a 12-year period. Evaluations were based on measured N-sufficiency levels, which were found to be inversely related to March through May rainfall and nitrate loads in rivers leaving Iowa. Findings suggest early spring losses of fertilizer N and, therefore, time of N fertilization are much more important than has been generally recognized. The study demonstrates how efforts to evaluate and improve N management on individual farms can be linked to regional efforts to reduce nitrate loads in rivers.

	Herbicides and By-Products in Agricultural Streams

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Herbicide concentrations decrease in agricultural streams through the growing season due to breakdown and transport from the watershed. However, the occurrence of degradation products at the end of the growing season in these streams have not been well studied. Kalkhoff et al. (p. 1025–1035) document the occurrence of commonly used triazine and acetanilide herbicides and their degradation products in midwestern streams during base-flow conditions in August. Concentrations of herbicides were relatively low, but concentrations of herbicide degradation products often were substantial. Degradate concentrations were variable and were related to the presence of till or loess soil parent material in the watershed. Rainfall during the growing season also influenced degradate concentrations in streams.

	Agricultural Effects on Stream Ecosystems

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Davis et al. (p. 1036–1043) compared differences in biomonitoring metrics between reference and agricultural streams, and between the flow period (January–April) and the intermittent flow period (May–December). During the flow period, percentages of crustaceans, isopods, and Ephemeroptera–Plecoptera–Trichoptera (EPT) were significantly higher at the reference site than the two most impacted sites, while the agriculturally impacted sites had a significantly higher percentage of dipterans. Four metrics—percent Crustacea, percent Isopoda, percent Diptera, and percent EPT—had no overlap between values for the most impacted and the least impacted sites during the flow period, but no metrics were able to detect more discrete differences among sites. Sites were physically and biologically similar during the intermittent period when natural stresses (i.e., stagnant water, high temperatures, low dissolved oxygen) were high, with many metrics, such as percentages of dominant family, burrowers, chironomids, and dipterans, becoming similar at all sites. Results indicate development of a better understanding of invertebrate fauna in reference conditions, and of the natural variation in intermittent streams, are necessary to develop effective biomonitoring programs for these systems.

	Reducing Total Phosphorus in Runoff

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There is concern that tillage and soil incorporation of fertilizers and manure, while decreasing soluble P losses, increase erosional losses and sediment-bound P losses in runoff. Tabbara (p. 1044–1052) compared total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and losses in runoff water when liquid swine manure or liquid ammonium polyphosphate fertilizer was either broadcast or incorporated into the soil 24 hours before a rainfall simulation event. Incorporation increased TSS concentration but reduced DRP as well as TP concentration and losses in runoff by as much as 30 to 60% depending on source (fertilizer vs. manure) and rate of application. Thus, the effect of amount and availability of P in the mixing zone of interaction between soil and runoff is more critical than cultivation on subsequent P losses in runoff. Under the conditions of this study (sloping land, bare soil with little residue cover, highly erosive rain within 24 hours of application) incorporation of manure and fertilizer is a best management practice that should be adhered to.

	Irrigating Soils and Tackling Runoff and Erosion

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of domestic effluents in Israel ranges between 4 and 6. According to the literature, when soils with SAR levels of 4 to 6 are exposed to direct raindrop impact, they are subjected to enhanced aggregate disintegration, leading to sealing processes of the soil surface and subsequent increased runoff and soil erosion. However, these phenomena were not observed in laboratory and field experiments by Agassi et al. (p. 1053–1057). On the other hand, a rapid decrease of the soil SAR to its initial values was observed once the soil was subjected to a simulated rainstorm of distilled water (laboratory) or natural rainstorms (field). It was concluded the process of SAR increase during irrigation with standardized effluent water is reversible.

	Reducing Pesticide Runoff

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
The dynamics of metribuzin and atrazine in surface soils and runoff waters from sugarcane fields were studied by Selim (p. 1058–1071). Based on effluent concentrations, a significant reduction of atrazine and metribuzin losses in runoff water was achieved for band application in comparison with full broadcast. Based on extractable atrazine and metribuzin from surface soil, estimates for the rates of decay were higher for atrazine than for metribuzin.

	Phosphorus in Manure is Available to Runoff

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Water-extractable P in manure is readily available to runoff when manure is broadcast onto soil. Kleinman and Sharpley (p. 1072–1081) investigated the interactive effects of rate of manure application, concentration of water-extractable P in manure, and sequence of rainfall/runoff event on P concentrations in runoff. The research quantifies the diminishing influence of broadcast dairy, poultry, and swine manures on runoff P over successive runoff events, highlighting the important, but transient, role of water-extractable P in manure.

	Take a Soil Test

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
An environmental soil test, developed by D'Angelo et al. (p. 1082–1088), identifies P deficient/saturated soils and predicts P amendment levels to reach desirable P levels in soil solution (P limits). The test takes into account the soil's native sorbed P (oxalate P) relative to the sorption capacity (oxalate Fe and Al), and is applicable to soils in the acidic to neutral pH range. It is proposed the oxalate extraction test could be an important part of a nutrient management plan for water quality protection purposes.

	Agricultural Chemicals in Water and Soil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Residual concentrations of s-triazine degradation products are widely detected in aquifers and agricultural soils, and concern is growing about their persistence, mobility, and toxicity. Research by Guzzella et al. (p. 1089–1098) provides a comparison among three experimental open field studies on terbuthylazine, performed in three hydraulic regimens (constant hydraulic head on the topsoil, intermittent artificial precipitation, and natural precipitation) to assess the influence of different soil saturation conditions on herbicide degradation and mobility. Terbuthylazine and its dealkylated and hydroxylated derivatives concentrations were evaluated in soil pore water, in soil, and in ground water. Dealkylated and hydroxylated derivatives formation was favored by soil dryness, while rainfall events promoted DET, the prominent dealkylated terbuthylazine metabolite, and DETH leaching. Significant concentrations of hydroxylated derivatives were measured in the pore water samples. The main degradation pathways evidenced were: TER > DET > DETH > DDAH and TER > TH > DETH > DDAH; among TPs, DET and DETH showed a high mobility from agricultural topsoil to ground water and revealed to be potential leaching compounds.

	Injecting Manure into Soils

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Volatilization of ammonia following land application of livestock manure causes undesirable environmental effects and reduces the agronomic value of livestock manure. Injection of slurry into open slots by means of shallow slurry injection techniques was shown by Hansen et al. (p. 1099–1104) to be a method for reduction of ammonia volatilization by 20 to 75%. The ammonia reduction potential of the shallow slurry injection technique was highly correlated with injection depth and volume of the created slots. However, higher injection efficiency was also correlated with a higher demand for draft force, and by that, with a higher carbon dioxide emission.

	Weed Seed Viability in Composted Cattle Manure

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Viable weed seeds in cattle feed and bedding end up in manure, and subsequent land application of such manure is often blamed for spreading weeds onto agricultural fields. Larney and Blackshaw (p. 1105–1113) examined the effect of feedlot manure windrow composting on weed seed viability. Only 1 of 13 weed species retained germinability on Day 21 and only two species had respiring seeds on Day 42 of thermophilic composting. Windrow temperature required to achieve complete elimination of viability was species-dependent, as was the duration of exposure to those temperatures. The lack of viable weed seeds makes compost an attractive soil amendment, especially in organic farming systems where herbicides for weed control are not an option.

	Phosphorus Loss Likely with Organic Waste–Amended Soils

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Soils that receive large applications of animal wastes and sewage sludge are vulnerable to releasing environmentally significant concentrations of P available to subsurface flow, owing to the gradual saturation of the soil's P sorption capacity. In work by Siddique and Robinson (p. 1114–1121), the magnitude of the changes in P sorption and availability in soils that received P as different organic wastes was influenced partly by the input of Ca. Results suggest organic acids played an important role in influencing the soil's P sorption capacity. Future research on the sustainable application of organic wastes to agricultural soils needs to consider the non-P as well as P-containing components of the waste.

	Mining Activity Fuels Acid Mine Drainage Study

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespread in the U.S. Appalachian region due to decades of coal mining activities predating regulation of acid discharge. Neutralizing AMD generates a waste floc rich in Fe and Al oxides, similar to the chemical compounds found in soils and other waste by-products that sequester P. Adler and Sibrell (p. 1122–1129) report the effect of AMD floc on sequestering P in water and soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In water, AMD flocs were found to have adsorption densities two orders of magnitude higher than typical soils. Added as a soil amendment, flocs reduced water-extractable P by 70% or more. Finally, in the anaerobic water environment, the flocs were as equally effective as lime stabilization. Results indicate AMD-derived flocs could be effectively used for P sequestration in soils and in water, thus preventing loss of P to the environment, while at the same time decreasing the cost of AMD treatment.

	Sediment Pollution Stopped by Streamside Plants

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Streamside areas, or riparian buffers, play an important role in controlling sediment delivery to streams in runoff, but their effectiveness is not well studied in dry-region rangelands. Hook (p. 1130–1137) evaluated the influence of vegetation characteristics, buffer width, slope, and plant stubble height on sediment retention in a Montana foothills meadow. Results show sediment retention is affected strongly by buffer width and moderately by vegetation type and slope, but is not affected by stubble height. Relatively narrow buffers with dense, wetland vegetation can be highly effective, but very narrow widths, steep slopes, and sparse vegetation increase risk of sediment pollution. Plant biomass, cover, or density are more useful than stubble height for judging the capacity of streamside areas to remove sediment from overland runoff.

	Using Models to Estimate Pesticide Behavior

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Three daily temperature-based ET models were evaluated by Walden and Haith (p. 1138–1143) as vehicles for estimating pesticide volatilization from turf: Hamon, Hargreaves–Samani, and a modified Priestley–Taylor. When compared with field volatilization measurements for eight pesticides, volatilization estimates produced from the Hargreaves–Samani model most closely approximated both the field observations and the previous estimates based on the more data-intensive Penman model. Mean estimated volatilization exceeded mean observations by 15% and the coefficient of variation (r²) between estimates and observations was 0.65. The comparable values based on Penman ET were 17% and 0.63, respectively. This significantly increases the practicality of the volatilization model, since it reduces the required weather inputs to daily temperatures, which should be available at most field sites.

	Measuring Denitrification in Urban Watersheds

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Denitrification, the anaerobic microbial conversion of nitrate to N gases, is an important process contributing to the ability of riparian zones to function as "sinks" for nitrate pollution in watersheds. Vegetation and soils in urban ecosystems are often highly disturbed, and few studies have examined microbial processes like denitrification in these ecosystems. Groffman and Crawford (p. 1144–1149) measured denitrification potential and a suite of related microbial parameters in four rural and four urban riparian zones in the Baltimore metropolitan area. They found strong relationships between denitrification and soil moisture and organic matter content and no difference between urban and rural sites, suggesting that even highly disturbed riparian zones in urban watersheds can denitrify, as long as they are wet and rich in organic matter.

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