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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Bioleaching of Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

	Defining Desired Soil Organic Matter Contents

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Three approaches to define maximum and lowest desirable soil C contents for four New Zealand soil orders were compared by Sparling et al. (p. 760–766). A statistical approach used means and quartile values from soil survey data, a modeling approach estimated equilibrium values for long-term pastures, and calculated a minimum value that still allowed recovery to a target value within 25 years. The third approach used expert panel opinion to define minimum acceptable C contents for production and environmental criteria. The different desirable C contents obtained by the three approaches, and their relative strengths and weaknesses, are discussed.

	Growing Safe Vegetables on Contaminated Soil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Contamination of soil by arsenic (As) presents a hazard in many countries and there is a need for techniques to minimize As uptake by plants. Warren and Alloway (p. 767–772) took soil containing 577 mg As Kg^-1 from a former As smelter site, applied commercial-grade ferrous sulfate and ground agricultural lime to the soil, and grew lettuce in a glasshouse. Lettuce As concentration could be reduced by up to 89%, to values well below the legal limit for foods. Arsenic was adsorbed on the iron oxides which were precipitated from ferrous sulfate, and lime was required to maintain soil pH, otherwise potentially toxic metals including Mn, Ni, and Zn were mobilized. The application of ferrous sulfate can therefore be used as part of the in situ remediation of contaminated land to a quality which enables food crops to be grown.

	Acid and Lime in Minesoil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Pyritic overburden can be limed with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to neutralize potential acidity produced by iron sulfide (FeS₂) oxidation. Hossner and Doolittle (p. 773–780) found the dissolution of CaCO₃ was faster than the oxidation of FeS₂ at pH values above 4 and greater than 1000 mm rainfall. It was projected that at lime rates up to 125% of the acid–base account deficit, CaCO₃ would dissolve and leach out of the system before all the FeS₂ oxidized, leaving the potential for acid minesoil formation.

	Going Deeper to Treat Highly Acidic Minespoils

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
During reclamation of acidic minespoils it would be desirable to know if the usually shallow surface treatment can also result in a reduction of acidity and Al toxicity in the subsoil. Von Willert and Stehouwer (p. 781–788) amended the surface layer of greenhouse columns containing highly acidic minespoil material with various combinations of limestone, gypsum, and compost. While plants could grow in the treated material whenever limestone or large quantities of compost were added, none of the treatments significantly reduced acidity and Al toxicity in the subsoil, where a jurbanite-like solid phase buffered solution Al activity in the subsoil and prevented any lasting decrease of subsoil toxicity. During the surface reclamation of highly acidic minespoils, one should not expect a significant improvement of the untreated subsoil material and a liming agent should be incorporated deep enough to ensure sustainable plant growth.

	Protecting Ground Water from Nitrates

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
A portion of an unconfined, glacial-outwash aquifer in northwestern Washington, USA, is shown by Mitchell et al. (p. 789–800) to have a nitrate distribution characteristic of nonpoint agricultural sources. Hydrogeologic information, N isotope values, and statistical analyses indicate a nitrate concentration stratification in the aquifer. The nitrate stratification was linked to sources originating in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, and sources from northwestern Washington, USA. Identification of multiple sources of ground water nitrate in northwestern Washington adds to the difficulty in assessing and implementing local nutrient management plans for protecting drinking water in the region.

	Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests Help Manage Waste Water

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
The use of horticultural-type mini-sprinklers in pine forests of the southeastern USA offers a new and economical means of trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) remediation from contaminated ground water. Air sparging via mini-sprinklers by Berisford et al. (p. 801–815) reduced dissolved concentrations of TCE and PCE by 96 to 100% from water that had been spiked at 1000 µg L^-1 TCE and 546 µg L^-1 PCE. Mini-sprinkler systems offer the advantages of easy set-up on practically any terrain, operation over a long period of time at a rate that would not threaten aquifer depletion, use on small or confined aquifers in which the capacity is too low to support large irrigation or purging systems, and use in forests in which trees could help manage (via evapotranspiration) excess waste water. The use of mini-sprinklers in pine forests in the southeastern USA is particularly advantageous in that pine trees can help manage excess waste water during year-round mini-sprinkler operations.

	Slowing Down Virus Movement in Soil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Knowledge of factors that influence fate and transport of viruses in soils and aquifers is critical to making accurate determinations of ground water vulnerability to pathogens and to developing regulations that are protective of public health. Zhuang and Jin (p. 816–823) investigated effects of different forms of soil organic matter on retention and transport of two bacteriophages (MS-2 and X174). The effect of organic matter varied depending on the organic material properties and the type of viruses involved. If the dominant mechanism controlling organic matter–virus interaction were electrostatic, presence of organic matter facilitated virus transport, and if the dominant mechanism were hydrophobic, virus transport would be retarded. In natural soils, the effect of organic matter was generally dominated by electrostatic rather than hydrophobic interactions.

	Evaluating Copper Contamination in a Vineyard Soil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Vineyard soils have been extensively contaminated by the long-term application of Cu-based fungicides. There is, however, a lack of appropriate, standardized tests to evaluate the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of metals to plants, especially for Cu, which tends to accumulate in the roots. Chaignon and Hinsinger (p. 824–833) propose a novel biotest that enables an easy access to roots, shoots, and rhizosphere soil and define the optimal conditions for operating this biotest. An 8-day period is the best option for obtaining significant plant growth, whereas nutrient solution provides better standardized conditions than deionized water for comparing widely differing soil samples. The findings do not show any Cu phytotoxicity in spite of the fairly large Cu content of the studied vineyard, calcareous soil.

	How Do Grasses Grow on Zinc-Contaminated Soils?

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
In the greenhouse, Palazzo et al. (p. 834–840) evaluated shoot and root growth and metal uptake of four cool-season grasses grown on a high-Zn soil covered by a mixture of biosolids, fly ash, and burnt lime. While wheatgrass and tall fescue had the strongest root growth in surface layers (0–5 cm) of clean soil or biosolids, wheatgrass roots were at least two times more dense than those of the other grasses in a second layer (5–27 cm) of Zn-contaminated soil. When grown over Zn-contaminated soil in the second layer, hard fescue (with 422 mg Zn kg^-1) was the only species not to have phytotoxic levels of Zn in shoots; tall fescue had the highest Zn uptake (1533 mg kg^-1). Thus, the best long-term survivors in high-Zn soils should be wheatgrass—due to its ability to root deeply into Zn-contaminated soils—and hard fescue—with its ability to effectively exclude toxic Zn uptake.

	Sorption and Transport of Arsenic below the Soil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Interactions with solid phases strongly impacts As(V) transport in the subsurface. Williams et al. (p. 841–850) describe the results of batch and column experiments into the adsorption and transport of As(V) in a heterogeneous, iron oxide–containing soil and investigate the use of commonly used models to predict As(V) adsorption and transport. Arsenic(V) breakthrough in column experiments occurred more rapidly than predicted by equilibrium models due to adsorption nonequilibrium. However, due to the presence of an irreversible or slowly desorbing fraction, the peak aqueous As(V) concentration and the total amount of As(V) recovered were lower than predicted based on equilibrium models. For the conditions utilized in this study, the effect on As(V) mobility and recovery increased in the order pH < pore water velocity < PO₄.

	Reducing Environmental Hazards in a Wetland

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Mine tailings containing percent concentrations of Pb and Zn were deposited in a wetland in northern Idaho. These materials were capped with a compost and wood ash mixture in field and greenhouse studies by DeVolder et al. (p. 851–864). Supplemental sulfate was also added to some treatments. The cap was sufficient to restore a functional microbial community and a healthy plant cover to the tailings. As a result, the ensuing reducing conditions were sufficient to cause a change in the mineral form in the Pb in the tailings, which resulted in a reduction in their bioavailability. Results suggest it may be possible to treat metal-contaminated materials in situ in a wetland environment and thereby reduce the environmental hazards associated with the metals.

	Heavy Metals Released from Soils

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Mobile heavy metals in soils may adversely affect environmental quality. Voegelin et al. (p. 865–875) investigated the release of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu from four contaminated soils using homogeneously packed soil columns. These were leached with 10² M CaCl₂ to characterize the exchangeable metal pool and subsequently with 10² M CaCl₂ adjusted to pH 3.0 to study the potential of metal release in response to soil acidification. Results from the column leaching experiments were compared with the amounts of metals released in single and sequential batch extraction experiments. Results demonstrate column leaching experiments represent a powerful tool to study the coupling of various processes relevant for heavy metal release such as cation exchange, calcite dissolution and other proton buffering reactions, proton-induced metal release, and metal-specific readsorption.

	Public Health Risks Linked to Arsenic in Soil

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
Soil ingestion by children is an important pathway in assessing public health risks associated with exposure to As-contaminated soils. Most risk from As is associated with the forms of As that are biologically available for absorption, or "bioavailable" to humans. Rodriguez et al. (p. 876–884) studied the ability of five soil chemical methods to extract various pools of soil As correlated with bioavailable As, measured from in vivo immature swine dosing trials. The strongest relationship between As determined by soil chemical extraction and in vivo bioavailable As was found for hydroxylamine hydrochloride extractant. Soil chemical extraction methods similar to hydroxylamine hydrochloride provide a better estimate of bioavailable As than total As content in contaminated soil and may be useful in human risk assessment.

	Uranium and Nickel in the Environment

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff Phosphorus Losses Linked to... Model Shows Acidic Pesticide... Cleaning Up Contaminated Soil... Evaluating Pesticide Behavior on... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... Simple Method Detects Tritium... Recovering Nutrients with a... Mine Waste Influences Tree... Timing of Fertilizer Use... Herbicides and By-Products in... Agricultural Effects on Stream... Reducing Total Phosphorus in... Irrigating Soils and Tackling... Reducing Pesticide Runoff Phosphorus in Manure is... Take a Soil Test Agricultural Chemicals in Water... Injecting Manure into Soils Weed Seed Viability in... Phosphorus Loss Likely with... Mining Activity Fuels Acid... Sediment Pollution Stopped by... Using Models to Estimate... Measuring Denitrification in...

 
The discharge of metallurgical process wastes to a small stream on the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River site from the 1950s until the 1970s has resulted in widespread contamination of shallow organic, Fe-rich sediments with U, Ni, and other heavy metals. As part of ongoing research on the chemical speciation, bioavailability, and trophic transfer of contaminants in this complex, dynamic environment, Sowder et al. (p. 885–898) examined the influence of Fe oxides and organic matter on the partitioning and availability of U and Ni in sediments. Sequential and nonsequential extractions indicate the partitioning of U and Ni is primarily controlled by sediment organic C and Fe-oxide phases, respectively. In spite of comparable sediment concentrations, Ni appears to be significantly more labile than U in these riparian sediments and, therefore, warrants greater consideration in terms of environmental transport, biological uptake, and ecological toxicity.

	It All Comes Out in the Wash

TOP Bioleaching of Heavy Metals... Defining Desired Soil Organic... Growing Safe Vegetables on... Acid and Lime in... Going Deeper to Treat... Protecting Ground Water from... Mini-Sprinklers in Pine Forests... Slowing Down Virus Movement... Evaluating Copper Contamination... How Do Grasses Grow... Sorption and Transport of... Reducing Environmental Hazards... Heavy Metals Released from... Public Health Risks Linked... Uranium and Nickel in... It All Comes Out... Copper and Zinc Runoff... Nitrate Exported in Drainage... Grassed Waterways Reduce Runoff