HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Related articles in JEQ Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Search for Related Content

EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Pathogen Survival in Manure

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

	Mercury in Forests and Peatlands: A Review

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant. It is widely distributed via atmospheric processes and is deposited to terrestrial and aquatic systems, even in remote areas. Most attention has focused on Hg in aquatic systems where methylmercury can be concentrated more than a million-fold. On an areal basis, terrestrial systems receive more atmospheric Hg than do freshwater aquatic systems; they are therefore an important indirect source of atmospheric Hg to aquatic systems via runoff. They are also a significant reservoir of Hg, containing many times its annual atmospheric flux. This review by Grigal ( p. 393–405 ) focuses on Hg in forests and peatlands in the temperate and boreal zones. Changes there can affect the entire global Hg cycle.

	Odor and Gas Releases from Swine Lagoons

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Lim et al. ( p. 406–416 ) measured odor and gas releases from two primary swine lagoons with a buoyant convective flux chamber at a simulated wind speed of 1.0 m s^-1. Odor concentrations were directly proportional to hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide concentrations and odor intensity, and inversely proportional to hedonic tone and sulfur dioxide concentration. Releases of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide were directly proportional to volatile solids loading rate.

	Estrogenic Activity in Flue Gas Samples

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
The importance of combustion processes as a source of emission for substances with estrogenic activity in the environment was investigated by Muthumbi et al. ( p. 417–422 ). Wood (nontreated and treated) with preservatives, barbecue charcoal, meat, and kitchen waste was combusted in a laboratory-scale incinerator. The flue gas emissions were analyzed for estrogenic activity by means of the yeast based human estrogen receptor (hER) bioassay using a synthetic estrogen, 17--ethinylestradiol (EE2), as the reference estrogenic compound. The 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the flue gas samples also were analyzed. Overall, the concentrations of EE2 equivalent in the flue gas samples were at least a factor of 1000 lower than total PAH concentration.

	Manure Application Provides Source of N2O and NO

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Akiyama and Tsuruta ( p. 423–431 ) measured N₂O, NO, and NO₂ fluxes from an Andisol six times per day by an automated flux monitoring system for one year. Two types of manure, poultry and swine, and a chemical fertilizer, urea, were applied to the soil. Results showed that both urea and manure were important sources of N₂O and NO. The N₂O emission from poultry manure was significantly higher than that from urea. Soil was a net sink of NO for nonvegetation period, and a net sink of NO₂ for a year.

	Mustard Plants Promising for Metal-Laden Soil Remediation

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Transgenic Indian mustard plants overproducing metal-binding thiol compounds (phytochelatins and glutathione) were shown in previous hydroponic studies to have enhanced Cd tolerance and accumulation. To better examine the phytoremediation potential of these transgenics, Bennett et al. ( p. 432–440 ) grew them on metal-contaminated soil collected from Leadville, CO. Different transgenics accumulated 1.5-fold more Cd and Zn in their shoot compared with nontransgenic mustard, and one type of transgenic (ECS) accumulated up to threefold more Cr, Cu, and Pb. The transgenics removed significantly more metal from the soil compared with nontransgenic mustard or an unplanted control, and significantly reduced the soil metal concentration, removing between 6% (Zn) and 25% (Cd) of the soil metal in one crop. This study is the first to report enhanced phytoextraction potential of transgenic plants using polluted environmental soil.

	Removing Selenate from Agricultural Drainage Water

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Removal of selenium (Se) from agricultural drainage water is important for protecting wetland wildlife. Zhang and Frankenberger ( p. 441–446 ) conducted experiments on selenite [Se(IV)] adsorption and selenate [Se(VI)] reduction to determine Se removal from drainage water in the presence of rice straw. Under sterile conditions, added Se(IV) was not adsorbed to rice straw and added Se(VI) was not reduced during experiments. In contrast, about 95% of the added Se(VI) in a nonsterile rice–straw solution was reduced to Se(0) and about 5% of the added Se(VI) was transformed to organic Se(-II) in drainage water. Results indicate that rice straw may be useful in removing Se from agricultural drainage water in the field because it is an excellent carrier of Se(VI)-reducing bacteria, it provides C and nutrients, and its cost is low in the western San Joaquin Valley, CA.

	Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface Water

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Monitoring and experiments have demonstrated surface water pollution from turf pesticides is possible, but our knowledge of the likelihood and severity of such contamination is meager because it is caused by combinations of precipitation and chemical applications that rarely occur. The only practical way to assess these random events is through use of fate and transport models. When the models are run with multiyear weather records, simulations can provide long-term estimates of pesticide runoff and frequencies or return periods of extreme events. Haith and Rossi ( p. 447–455 ) used the TurfPQ model to simulate the runoff of pesticides commonly used on golf courses in the northeastern USA. Results showed that mean annual pesticide runoff loads did not exceed 3% of annual application for any pesticide or site, and most losses were substantially less than 1% of application. However, annual or monthly mean concentrations of chlorothalonil, iprodione, and PCNB in fairway runoff often exceeded LC₅₀ concentrations for aquatic organisms. Concentrations of azoxystrobin, bensulide, cyfluthrin, and trichlorfon in extreme (1 in 10 or 1 in 20 yr) events often approached or exceeded LC₅₀ levels.

	Herbicide Use in Forestry May Not Harm Water Quality

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Demand for wood is predicted to increase by 56% for softwood and 47% for hardwood in the USA by 2040. Almost all of the increased production is expected to come from forests of the southern USA. Herbicides are used in forestry to control competing vegetation, and so increase wood productivity of southern forests. Some are very concerned about the damage herbicides used might do to water quality and aquatic ecosystems. Michael ( p. 456–465 ) monitored the movement of one herbicide, sulfometuron, from a treated forest site into water and then downstream. Concentration of sulfometuron (24-hour mean) observed in streams on the site remained well below several standard measures of water quality impairment, and was not observed in stream flow 150 m downstream. Some streams draining forest sites may even benefit from its impact on invasive nonnative aquatic plants like Eurasian water-milfoil.

	Analyzing Sterol Content of Agricultural Soils

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
The sterol content of agricultural soils subjected to different treatments such as sewage sludge spread, irrigation by saline waters, and contamination by industrial and civil wastes was analyzed by Puglisi et al. ( p. 466–471 ) and compared to adjacent untreated soils. The three eukaryotic ones—cholesterol, ß-sitosterol, and ergosterol—were chosen as representative of the animal, vegetal, and fungal kingdoms, while coprostanol was surveyed to validate its use as a marker of fecal matter contamination. Univariate statistical analysis indicated ß-sitosterol content was affected by cultivation and time of sampling, cholesterol and ergosterol did not vary significantly within site location and treatment, and coprostanol was confirmed as a persistent marker of fecal matter contamination. Principal component analysis highlighted a clear distinction in agricultural soils among the concentrations of three eukaryotic sterols and coprostanol.

	Effects of Biowaste on Soil and Native Plants

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Surface disposal of urban organic wastes to degraded soils is a low-cost way to supply organic matter and essential nutrients to plants to enhance the development of a canopy cover. However, this practice can change the native plant communities and increase environmental risks because of the rise in concentration of macronutrients and heavy metals in soil. Martínez et al. ( p. 472–479 ) found an increase in plant canopy cover and biomass production, and a change in evolution of the plant communities that persisted for the three years of the study. An increase of soil and plant macro- and micronutrients that does not pose environmental risks was observed. A range of rates for biowaste application is also proposed.

	Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces Nitrate Leaching

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
High N fertilizer and irrigation amounts applied to potato on coarse-textured soils can result in NO₃ leaching and low recovery of applied fertilizer N. Zvomuya et al. ( p. 480–489 ) found that a single application of polyolefin-coated urea (PCU) can improve potato yield and minimize NO₃ leaching compared with split applications of urea on a loamy sand. At the recommended rate of 280 kg N ha^-1, NO₃ leaching during the growing season was 34 to 49% lower with PCU than three applications of urea. Under leaching conditions in the first year and excessive irrigation in the third year, the PCU improved total and marketable tuber yields by 12 to 19% compared with three applications of urea. Fertilizer N recovery efficiency estimated by difference and ¹⁵N isotope methods was, on average, higher with PCU (50%) than urea (43%). Results indicate PCU can reduce leaching and improve N recovery and tuber yield during seasons with high leaching.

	Cleanup Costs at Brownfield Sites

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Kaufman et al. ( p. 490–499 ) have demonstrated that brownfield sites within the diverse post-glacial terrain of the River Rouge watershed in southeastern Michigan exhibit wide variations in surface and subsurface risks. Magnitude of the surface risks is largely dependent on the presence or absence of firms that historically have contributed to ground water contamination. Subsurface risks are a function of the natural properties that include soil composition, thickness of the unsaturated zone, and soil stratigraphy. Costs to completely remediate brownfield sites within this complex geologic environment consisting of multiple surface land uses are closely correlated with the composite surface and subsurface risk level. Attempts to redevelop brownfields can use results from this study to guide remediation efforts at broad geographic scales.

	New Biodegradable Chelate for Induced Lead Phytoextraction

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Chelate-induced phytoremediation has been proposed as an effective tool for the extraction of Pb from contaminated soils by plants. However, side effects related to the addition of chelates, mainly Pb leaching, raise environmental concerns. Grman et al. ( p. 500–506 ) introduce ethylene diamine dissuccinate (EDDS) as a promising new chelate for enhanced, environmentally safe phytoextraction of soils contaminated with Pb. Measurements of Pb in leaves of Chinese cabbage revealed high single doses of EDDS and EDTA, as one of the most tested chelates, were the most, and equally, effective. In contrast to EDTA, however, EDDS addition caused only minor leaching of Pb and was significantly less toxic to plants and soil microorganisms.

	Metals in Soil and Water Near Treated Utility Poles

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
A total of 189 soil samples from different depths and distances around six chromated copper arsenate (CCA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG)–treated utility poles in the Montreal area (Canada) were analyzed for Cu, Cr, and As content. Zagury et al. ( p. 507–514 ) analyzed ground water samples collected below the poles for metals, and bioassays with Daphnia magna were conducted. The highest Cu, As, and Cr concentrations were found at the ground line and immediately adjacent to poles. Contaminant levels decreased considerably with distance, approaching background levels within 0.1 to 0.5 m from the poles. Chromium and Cu concentrations generally approached background levels at a depth of 0.5 m, but As persisted up to 1 m in soil depth. Bioassays showed that, overall, ground water had a low ecotoxic potential.

	Sequestering Agents for Metals and Radionuclides

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Knox et al. ( p. 515–525 ) evaluated the use of apatite or phillipsite (zeolite) as sequestering agents to remediate a contaminated medium. Because certain sources of apatite and zeolite have been found ineffective at sequestering soil metals, a laboratory batch study was conducted to screen the effectiveness of the specific minerals used in a subsequent bioavailability study. The bioavailability study showed the sequestering agents were very effective at redistributing Cd, Pb, and Zn into fractions that were more strongly held by the soil. This redistribution of the metals resulted in less phytotoxicity, as indicated by greater plant growth and lower metal concentrations in plant tissue. Apatite was consistently better than phillipsite at reducing metal bioavailability.

	Lead Bullets Contaminate Shooting Ranges

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Lead contamination at shooting ranges is increasingly a concern. Lead weathering occurs when Pb bullets come in contact with soil, and weathering products depend on soil properties in the shooting ranges, among which soil pH is the most important. Lead carbonates were predominantly present in the weathering products and in the berm soils. As a result of bullet weathering, a significant elevation of Pb was found in soil, water, and vegetation. In alkaline soils containing high amounts of organic matter, Pb migrated down the profile. This research by Cao et al. ( p. 526–534 ) demonstrates the importance of properly managing shooting ranges to minimize the adverse impacts of Pb on the environment.

	Measuring Trace Elements in Poultry Litter

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Trace elements such as Cu, Zn, and As are added to poultry feed to improve weight gain and feed efficiency, and prevent diseases. Consequently, poultry litters can contain high concentrations of these trace elements. In a study of 40 litter samples, Jackson et al. ( p. 535–540 ) determined that As and Cu are relatively highly soluble from poultry litter. Soluble Cu appears to be mostly cationic while soluble As species are dominated by either roxarsone, the original organic As poultry feed additive, or As(V), the more toxic inorganic species. The high solubility of As from poultry litter coupled with the mineralization to inorganic As(V) may be detrimental to soil and water resources in areas receiving repeated application of poultry litter.

	Chromium and Microbes in Soil Aggregates

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Biogeochemical transformation of redox-sensitive chemicals in soils can be strongly transport-controlled and localized, as demonstrated through experiments on Cr diffusion and reduction in soil aggregates. Reduction of soluble Cr(VI) to insoluble Cr(III) occurred only within the surface layer of aggregates with higher available organic C and higher microbial respiration. The final state of such aggregates consists of a Cr-contaminated exterior, and an uncontaminated core, each having different microbial community compositions and activity. Tokunaga et al. ( p. 541–549 ) show that typical methods of soil sampling and analyses that average over redox gradients within aggregates can erase important biogeochemical spatial relations necessary for understanding these environments.

	Soil Characteristics Help Explain and Identify Ecoregions

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Ecoregions encompass areas of general similarity in ecosystems and are useful to biologists and resource managers to understand the type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources across political boundaries. Because the utilization of resources frequently targets particular components of the ecosystem such as soils, Shirazi et al. ( p. 550–561 ) used a nationwide State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) to describe soils of 84 Level III Ecoregions of the conterminous USA. For each ecoregion, Shirazi et al. determined the homogeneity of its soil texture, how well soils are predictable, and the degree that soil and ecoregion boundaries fit. Complementing and enriching the complex qualitative ecoregion descriptions with quantitative data such as soil, better facilitate using ecoregion context in environmental research and management.

	Managing the Impact of Agriculture on Water Quality

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Place-based resource management, such as watershed or ecosystem management, is being promoted to replace the media-focused approach for achieving water quality protection. Nord and Lanyon ( p. 562–570 ) found that the results of monitoring farm material transfers, N and P balances, and farmer decisions that influenced them in a small central Pennsylvania watershed indicate most flows were related to feed for animals and manure applications. These were not related to the crop production potential, and consequently not to potential nutrient uptake in the watershed. Since the crop and animal components of agricultural production were not all interconnected and the possibilities for balancing flows based on crop needs limited, the fundamental assumption of farmer-implemented, place-based management programs is not well-suited to this situation. Alternative approaches to managing the impact of agriculture on water quality should consider the organization of crop and animal production and the role of strategic decisions in controlling farm nutrient balances.

	The Old and Familiar Solvent Extraction Revisited

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Different solvent extraction procedures are used by environmental chemists to determine the recovery from, and distribution of, organic contaminants in soil and sediment. Northcott and Jones ( p. 571–582 ) describe the optimization of solvent extraction techniques subsequently employed to follow the sequestration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arable soil amended with sewage sludge. The optimized procedures provided improved operation and reproducibility to previously reported methods.

	Water Repellency of Soils Contaminated with Crude Oil

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Some soils develop severe and persistent water repellency following contamination with crude oil. Roy et al. ( p. 583–590 ) characterized and compared the spatial distribution of soil water repellency and residual oil contamination at 12 such sites. The molarity of ethanol droplet (MED) test was used to assess soil water repellency, and the content of dichloromethane-extractable organics (DEO) was used to quantify residual oil in soil. The comparison revealed a relatively strong positive correlation between MED and DEO in soil. Roy et al. propose that soil water repellency at the studied sites is largely caused by solvent-insoluble organic C of petroleum origin.

	The Affinity of Humic Acids for Pyrene

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
The distribution coefficient (K_d) of pyrene on the humic acid (HA)– kaolin complex, prepared by adsorbing HA on kaolin, increased with the fraction (f_oc) of organic C adsorbed to the surface of the kaolin. Terashima et al. ( p. 591–598 ) quantitatively evaluated the effects of adsorbed HAs by calculating the distribution coefficient (K_oc) and the affinity constant (K_oc^ads) of pyrene to the adsorbed HAs. When the affinities of the adsorbed HA for pyrene were compared with that of dissolved HA, the K_oc values were found to be 4 to 11 times larger than the K_oc^aq values. In addition, the K_oc^ads values were also four- to ninefold larger than the K_oc^aq values. Results indicate the affinity of HA for pyrene is enhanced by the adsorption of HAs to kaolin. Therefore, these facts demonstrate that HAs, when they are adsorbed to clay minerals, might play an important role in the deposition of PAHs in a soil environment.

	Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Leaching in Tropical Soil

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
The production of maize in southern and eastern Africa is based on combined use of cattle manure and mineral N fertilizer, with maize accounting for 60% of the cropped area in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In a field-lysimeter study, Nyamangara et al. ( p. 599–606 ) determined the effect of combined use of composted cattle manure and mineral N fertilizer on nitrate leaching and maize N use efficiency. Sole application of a high rate of mineral fertilizer, or its combination with manure, resulted in high nitrate concentrations in leachate leaving the root zone, and high nitrate losses, which represent both environmental and economic concerns. Nitrate leaching from sole manure application was low and crop uptake efficiency of mineral fertilizer was enhanced by up to 26% when manure and mineral N fertilizer were applied in combination. The low manure rate, in combination with the low mineral fertilizer rate, was the best option in terms of maintaining dry matter yield and minimizing nitrate losses.

	Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil Nitrate after Potato Harvest

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Nitrate can leach from soils cropped to potato in eastern Canada, and this leaching is largely influenced by residual soil nitrate after potato harvest. Bélanger et al. ( p. 607–612 ) report that residual soil nitrate within the 0- to 0.90-m soil layer measured in the fall after potato harvest increases with increasing N application. Residual soil nitrate after potato harvest, however, can be maintained at a reasonable level when N fertilization is based on crop N requirements as defined by an economically optimum N application. Potatoes fertilized according to their N requirements are, therefore, less likely to result in high residual soil nitrate after harvest, thus reducing the risks of nitrate leaching.

	Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated Filter Strips

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Abu-Zreig et al. ( p. 613–619 ) conducted field experiments and examined the efficiency of vegetated filter strips for P removal from cropland runoff using 20 filters with varying length (2–15 m), slope (2.3 and 5%), and vegetated cover. Artificial runoff in this study had an average P concentration of 2.37 mg L^-1 and a sediment concentration of 2700 mg L^-1. The average P trapping efficiency of all vegetated filters was 61% and ranged from 31% in a 2-m filter to 79% in a 15-m filter. Filter length was the predominant factor affecting P trapping in vegetated filter strips. The rate of inflow, type of vegetation, and density of vegetation coverage had secondary influences on P removal. Short filters (2 and 5 m) that are somewhat effective in sediment removal are much less effective in P removal. Increasing the filter length beyond 15 m is ineffective in enhancing sediment removal but is expected to further enhance P removal.

	Reservoir Toxics Model Helps with Water Management

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
A reservoir toxics model is essential to establishing effective water resources management and protection as the fate of a toxic chemical is closely connected with flow regimes and circulation patterns. Gu and Chung ( p. 620–632 ) developed a toxics submodel and incorporated it into an existing laterally integrated hydrodynamics and transport model for predicting the kinetic processes, persistence, and dissipation of toxic contaminants in a stratified reservoir during a spill or storm runoff event. The 2D toxicant model was applied to Shasta Reservoir in California to simulate the physico–chemical processes and fate of a volatile toxic compound, methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), during a chemical spill into the Sacramento River in 1991. Results suggested that the persistence of MITC is significantly influenced by different flow regimes. MITC is more persistent in the reservoir under an interflow condition due to reduced volatilization from deep layers than under an overflow condition where the plume moved more slowly toward the dam and experienced greater dissipation.

	Determining the Available Part of Particulate Phosphorus

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
In many areas, the major P form in field runoff is particulate phosphorus (PP)—a fraction that often is partly available for primary producers in receiving waters. A common way of estimating the available part of PP is by chemical extractions instead of lengthy and expensive bioassays. Uusitalo and Ekholm ( p. 633–641 ) compared several properties of a bioassay procedure to those of a simple and rapid extraction employing an anion exchange resin P sink.

	Nitrate N Flux from a Tile-Drained Watershed

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Nitrogen flux from agricultural, artificially drained watersheds of the U.S. Midwest may contribute to hypoxic conditions in the Gulf of Mexico; however, actual flux from small Midwestern watersheds is not well documented. A nine-year record from Walnut Creek, IA shows relationships between flow and nitrate N flux changed between tile-main outlets, where concentrations were independent of flow, and the watershed outlet, where smaller concentrations occurred at low flow. The largest nitrate N fluxes (>0.1 kg ha^-1 d^-1) from the tile mains occupied about one-fourth of the record but delivered three-fourths of the total load, because nitrate was not generally diluted by large flows. Given this flux regimen, Tomer et al. ( p. 642–653 ) estimate a wetland constructed according to USDA criteria would have denitrified only about 20% of this nitrate N load. Therefore, riparian practices such as wetlands will not provide a sole means to achieve water quality goals in tile-drained areas of the U.S. Midwest.

	Water Quality Changes in a Polluted Stream

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
The Deckers Creek watershed in northern West Virginia has a long history of industrial development (urbanization, logging, and coal mining) and subsequent environmental abuse (erosion, sedimentation, acid mine drainage, and sewage). The creek water was sampled at 29 locations from the headwaters to the mouth in 1974 and again in 1999–2000 to determine changes in water quality during this period, and if these changes were related to the enactment of pollution-controlling laws during the 1970s (Clean Water Act and Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act). Stewart and Skousen ( p. 654–661 ) report that water pH improved between 1 and 2 units at all sample locations, and water acidity and metal contents decreased by >40%. One major untreated source of acid mine drainage from an abandoned underground mine continues to degrade Deckers Creek near its mouth. As water chemistry has improved, previously unnoticed biological contamination from unregulated sewage inputs has become a new pollution hazard.

	Soil Fluoride Determined Using Acid Ammonium Oxalate

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Bégin and Fortin ( p. 662–673 ) evaluated the capacity of acid ammonium oxalate to selectively and quantitatively extract fluoride accumulated in soils. The high selectivity of this method for added F resulted in a significant reduction of the background noise in fluoride accumulation profiles. Because of its high selectivity and despite incomplete fluoride recovery, this method may improve environmental monitoring of fluoride accumulation and movement in contaminated soils.

	Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil Columns

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Knowledge of how polyacrylamide penetrates and distributes in the soil profile after its application in irrigation water is important for understanding the conditioning depth and in evaluating environmental impacts. In columns of organic matter–removed soils, polyacrylamide can penetrate to a depth of one-eighth to one-half of the water penetration depth, with particularly high retention in the top few centimeters of soil. Lu and Wu ( p. 674–680 ) found that salt level of irrigation water, soil texture, initial soil water content, water application method, and many other factors can affect the penetration of polyacrylamide in soil.

	Timing and Rate Important in Swine Effluent Application

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Where swine effluent is used for irrigation, there is concern about maximizing utilization of effluent nutrients. Adeli et al. ( p. 681–686 ) describe the effects of timing and application rate of swine effluent on bermudagrass growth, nutrient utilization, and residual soil nitrate N. Application of swine effluent greater than 10 ha-cm (373 kg N ha^-1) during the summer months and late-season application in October are not agronomically or environmentally advantageous. Unless cool-season forages are present, application should be avoided in October for areas of similar climatic conditions as Mississippi.

	Fly Ash Materials as Soil Amendments

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Fly ash is the fine residue captured from flue exhausts when coal is burnt in power stations. This by-product may be used as an amendment to improve physical and chemical characteristics of sandy soils. When applied at sufficient rates (e.g., to achieve 10% w/w in surface layers) to sandy soils, Pathan et al. ( p. 687–693 ) found that fly ash altered texture and increased water-holding capacity. However, fly ash samples from different sources in Australia showed considerable variation in several properties. Depending on the source used to amend a soil, fly ash may also provide P and aid nutrient retention by increasing the P retention index and/or cation exchange capacity.

	Mechanisms of Phytate Persistence in Manure

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Excessive manure P is often associated with water quality degradation in watersheds with confined animal feeding operations. Dao ( p. 694–701 ) studied controlling mechanisms of phytate persistence in manure in buffers and dairy manure suspensions. A phytase-hydrolyzable phosphorus (PHP) fraction was native to dairy manure and was proportional to manure total solids. Added phytase, in effect, increases water-extractable P content of manure and the risk of environmental P dispersion. As the bioavailability and ecological effect of IP6-P appeared to be regulated not only by pH-controlled enzyme activity but also by the associated counter ions, phytate resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis may lead to its persistence in manure.

	Microbial Respiration in the Everglades

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Microbial respiration in peat and overlying plant litter, as influenced by water level and P enrichment, was evaluated for an Everglades (Florida, USA) marsh ecosystem by measuring CO₂ and CH₄ release from soil–water microcosms. DeBusk and Reddy ( p. 702–710 ) found that respiration (C flux) was greater under flooded conditions than under partially drained (saturated) conditions, apparently due to a diurnally replenished supply of dissolved O₂ in the photosynthetically active litter layer in the water column. Under drained conditions, C flux increased in direct proportion to decreasing water level, with maximum C flux corresponding to the minimum water level of 15 cm below the peat surface. Overall, water level exerted a greater effect than P enrichment on microbial respiration in the soil and litter layer. The magnitude of C flux in flooded microcosms reflected substantial C mineralization in the relatively labile litter layer.

	Nutrient Transport in a Riparian Wetland

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Restored riparian forest buffers can be effective in reducing nonpoint-source pollution, even within the first few years after restoration. Vellidis et al. ( p. 711–726 ) report on an eight-year study of a restored riparian forest wetland in the coastal plain of Georgia. Detailed water and nutrient budgets allowed estimation of mass balances and retention–removal rates. Retention–removal rates for N species ranged from a high of 78% for nitrate to a low of 52% for ammonium. Retention rates for both dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and total P were 66%. Results show restored riparian forest wetlands are effective buffers and coupling such landscape features with agricultural production areas will reduce nutrient discharges to receiving waters.

	Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Treatment of animal waste is a major issue for modern agriculture. One mitigating action is wastewater treatment with constructed wetlands. This treatment likely involves substantial denitrification. Hunt et al. ( p. 727–735 ) assessed denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) in constructed wetlands used for swine wastewater treatment. Results indicate that DEA can be significant in constructed wetlands used to treat swine wastewater and that it was significantly affected by plant communities, N loading, C and N limitations, and water depth.

	Impurity in Old Pesticide Boosts Soil Antimony

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Lead (Pb) arsenate was a commonly used insecticide during the first half of the 20th century, particularly in deciduous tree fruit production. Its use resulted in appreciable Pb and arsenic (As) contamination of orchard soils. Wagner et al. ( p. 736–738 ) found commercial Pb arsenate products to contain antimony (Sb) impurity, probably cotransported with As during refinement of As-bearing ores and manufacture of arsenical pesticides. Total soil Sb concentration was higher in orchard soils containing Pb arsenate insecticide residues than in uncontaminated orchard soils, and was positively related to total soil As concentration. The Sb to As concentration ratio in the Pb arsenate–contaminated soils was consistent with values measured in three commercial Pb arsenate insecticide products. Although higher than in uncontaminated soils from the same region, the Sb concentrations in the affected soils fall within the normal range observed worldwide and are substantially lower than values associated with impaired human or environmental health.

Related articles in JEQ:

Pathogen Survival in Swine Manure Environments and Transmission of Human Enteric Illness—A Review

Tat Yee Guan and Richard A. Holley
JEQ 2003 32: 383-392. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Mercury Sequestration in Forests and Peatlands: A Review

D. F. Grigal
JEQ 2003 32: 393-405. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Odor and Gas Release from Anaerobic Treatment Lagoons for Swine Manure

Teng-Teeh Lim, Albert J. Heber, Ji-Qin Ni, Alan L. Sutton, and Ping Shao
JEQ 2003 32: 406-416. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Estrogenic Compounds in Experimental Flue Gas Streams

W. Muthumbi, P. De Boever, J. G. Pieters, S. Siciliano, W. D'Hooge, and W. Verstraete
JEQ 2003 32: 417-422. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Nitrous Oxide, Nitric Oxide, and Nitrogen Dioxide Fluxes from Soils after Manure and Urea Application

Hiroko Akiyama and Haruo Tsuruta
JEQ 2003 32: 423-431. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Analysis of Transgenic Indian Mustard Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Mine Tailings

Lindsay E. Bennett, Jason L. Burkhead, Kerry L. Hale, Norman Terry, Marinus Pilon, and Elizabeth A. H. Pilon-Smits
JEQ 2003 32: 432-440. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Characterization of Selenate Removal from Drainage Water Using Rice Straw

Yiqiang Zhang and William T. Frankenberger, Jr.
JEQ 2003 32: 441-446. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Risk Assessment of Pesticide Runoff from Turf

Douglas A. Haith and Frank S. Rossi
JEQ 2003 32: 447-455. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Environmental Fate and Impacts of Sulfometuron on Watersheds in the Southern United States

J. L. Michael
JEQ 2003 32: 456-465. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Cholesterol, ß-Sitosterol, Ergosterol, and Coprostanol in Agricultural Soils

Edoardo Puglisi, Marco Nicelli, Ettore Capri, Marco Trevisan, and Attilio A. M. Del Re
JEQ 2003 32: 466-471. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Biowaste Effects on Soil and Native Plants in a Semiarid Ecosystem

F. Martínez, G. Cuevas, R. Calvo, and I. Walter
JEQ 2003 32: 472-479. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Nitrate Leaching and Nitrogen Recovery Following Application of Polyolefin-Coated Urea to Potato

Francis Zvomuya, Carl J. Rosen, Michael P. Russelle, and Satish C. Gupta
JEQ 2003 32: 480-489. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Surface and Subsurface Geologic Risk Factors to Ground Water Affecting Brownfield Redevelopment Potential

Martin M. Kaufman, Kent S. Murray, and Daniel T. Rogers
JEQ 2003 32: 490-499. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Ethylenediaminedissuccinate as a New Chelate for Environmentally Safe Enhanced Lead Phytoextraction

H. Grcman, D. Vodnik, S. Velikonja-Bolta, and D. Lestan
JEQ 2003 32: 500-506. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Occurrence of Metals in Soil and Ground Water Near Chromated Copper Arsenate–Treated Utility Poles

Gérald J. Zagury, Réjean Samson, and Louise Deschênes
JEQ 2003 32: 507-514. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Apatite and Phillipsite as Sequestering Agents for Metals and Radionuclides

A. S. Knox, D. I. Kaplan, D. C. Adriano, T. G. Hinton, and M. D. Wilson
JEQ 2003 32: 515-525. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Weathering of Lead Bullets and Their Environmental Effects at Outdoor Shooting Ranges

Xinde Cao, Lena Q. Ma, Ming Chen, Donald W. Hardison, Jr., and Willie G. Harris
JEQ 2003 32: 526-534. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Trace Element Speciation in Poultry Litter

B. P. Jackson, P. M. Bertsch, M. L. Cabrera, J. J. Camberato, J. C. Seaman, and C. W. Wood
JEQ 2003 32: 535-540. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Distribution of Chromium Contamination and Microbial Activity in Soil Aggregates

Tetsu K. Tokunaga, Jiamin Wan, Terry C. Hazen, Egbert Schwartz, Mary K. Firestone, Stephen R. Sutton, Matthew Newville, Keith R. Olson, Antonio Lanzirotti, and William Rao
JEQ 2003 32: 541-549. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Quantitative Soil Descriptions for Ecoregions of the United States

Mostafa A. Shirazi, Colleen Burch Johnson, James M. Omernik, Denis White, Patricia K. Haggerty, and Glenn E. Griffith
JEQ 2003 32: 550-561. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Managing Material Transfer and Nutrient Flow in an Agricultural Watershed

E. A. Nord and L. E. Lanyon
JEQ 2003 32: 562-570. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Validation of Procedures to Quantify Nonextractable Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Residues in Soil

Grant L. Northcott and Kevin C. Jones
JEQ 2003 32: 571-582. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Relationship between Water Repellency and Native and Petroleum-Derived Organic Carbon in Soils

J. L. Roy, W. B. McGill, H. A. Lowen, and R. L. Johnson
JEQ 2003 32: 583-590. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Distribution Behavior of Pyrene to Adsorbed Humic Acids on Kaolin

Motoki Terashima, Shunitz Tanaka, and Masami Fukushima
JEQ 2003 32: 591-598. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Fertilizer Use Efficiency and Nitrate Leaching in a Tropical Sandy Soil

J. Nyamangara, L. F. Bergström, M. I. Piha, and K. E. Giller
JEQ 2003 32: 599-606. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Residual Soil Nitrate after Potato Harvest

Gilles Bélanger, Noura Ziadi, John R. Walsh, John E. Richards, and Paul H. Milburn
JEQ 2003 32: 607-612. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Phosphorus Removal in Vegetated Filter Strips

Majed Abu-Zreig, Ramesh P. Rudra, Hugh R. Whiteley, Manon N. Lalonde, and Narinder K. Kaushik
JEQ 2003 32: 613-619. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

A Two-Dimensional Model for Simulating the Transport and Fate of Toxic Chemicals in a Stratified Reservoir

Roy R. Gu and Se-Woong Chung
JEQ 2003 32: 620-632. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Phosphorus in Runoff Assessed by Anion Exchange Resin Extraction and an Algal Assay

Risto Uusitalo and Petri Ekholm
JEQ 2003 32: 633-641. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Evaluation of Nitrate Nitrogen Fluxes from a Tile-Drained Watershed in Central Iowa

M. D. Tomer, D. W. Meek, D. B. Jaynes, and J. L. Hatfield
JEQ 2003 32: 642-653. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Water Quality Changes in a Polluted Stream over a Twenty-Five-Year Period

Jason Stewart and Jeff Skousen
JEQ 2003 32: 654-661. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Evaluation of an Acid Ammonium Oxalate Extraction to Determine Fluoride Resident Concentrations in Soils

Louis Bégin and Josée Fortin
JEQ 2003 32: 662-673. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Polyacrylamide Distribution in Columns of Organic Matter–Removed Soils following Surface Application

Jianhang Lu and Laosheng Wu
JEQ 2003 32: 674-680. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Swine Effluent Irrigation Rate and Timing Effects on Bermudagrass Growth, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Utilization, and Residual Soil Nitrogen

A. Adeli, J. J. Varco, and D. E. Rowe
JEQ 2003 32: 681-686. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Properties of Several Fly Ash Materials in Relation to Use as Soil Amendments

S. M. Pathan, L. A. G. Aylmore, and T. D. Colmer
JEQ 2003 32: 687-693. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Polyvalent Cation Effects on myo-Inositol Hexakis Dihydrogenphosphate Enzymatic Dephosphorylation in Dairy Wastewater

Thanh H. Dao
JEQ 2003 32: 694-701. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Nutrient and Hydrology Effects on Soil Respiration in a Northern Everglades Marsh

W. F. DeBusk and K. R. Reddy
JEQ 2003 32: 702-710. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Nutrient Transport in a Restored Riparian Wetland

G. Vellidis, R. Lowrance, P. Gay, and R. K. Hubbard
JEQ 2003 32: 711-726. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Denitrification in Constructed Wetlands Used for Treatment of Swine Wastewater

Patrick G. Hunt, Terry A. Matheny, and Ariel A. Szögi
JEQ 2003 32: 727-735. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Antimony Impurity in Lead Arsenate Insecticide Enhances the Antimony Content of Old Orchard Soils

Sandra E. Wagner, Frank J. Peryea, and Royston A. Filby
JEQ 2003 32: 736-738. [Abstract] [Full Text]  

This Article Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Related articles in JEQ Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Search for Related Content