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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Pathogen Survival in Manure

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

	Mercury in Forests and Peatlands: A Review

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant. It is widely distributed via atmospheric processes and is deposited to terrestrial and aquatic systems, even in remote areas. Most attention has focused on Hg in aquatic systems where methylmercury can be concentrated more than a million-fold. On an areal basis, terrestrial systems receive more atmospheric Hg than do freshwater aquatic systems; they are therefore an important indirect source of atmospheric Hg to aquatic systems via runoff. They are also a significant reservoir of Hg, containing many times its annual atmospheric flux. This review by Grigal ( p. 393–405 ) focuses on Hg in forests and peatlands in the temperate and boreal zones. Changes there can affect the entire global Hg cycle.

	Odor and Gas Releases from Swine Lagoons

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Lim et al. ( p. 406–416 ) measured odor and gas releases from two primary swine lagoons with a buoyant convective flux chamber at a simulated wind speed of 1.0 m s^-1. Odor concentrations were directly proportional to hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide concentrations and odor intensity, and inversely proportional to hedonic tone and sulfur dioxide concentration. Releases of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide were directly proportional to volatile solids loading rate.

	Estrogenic Activity in Flue Gas Samples

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
The importance of combustion processes as a source of emission for substances with estrogenic activity in the environment was investigated by Muthumbi et al. ( p. 417–422 ). Wood (nontreated and treated) with preservatives, barbecue charcoal, meat, and kitchen waste was combusted in a laboratory-scale incinerator. The flue gas emissions were analyzed for estrogenic activity by means of the yeast based human estrogen receptor (hER) bioassay using a synthetic estrogen, 17--ethinylestradiol (EE2), as the reference estrogenic compound. The 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the flue gas samples also were analyzed. Overall, the concentrations of EE2 equivalent in the flue gas samples were at least a factor of 1000 lower than total PAH concentration.

	Manure Application Provides Source of N2O and NO

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Akiyama and Tsuruta ( p. 423–431 ) measured N₂O, NO, and NO₂ fluxes from an Andisol six times per day by an automated flux monitoring system for one year. Two types of manure, poultry and swine, and a chemical fertilizer, urea, were applied to the soil. Results showed that both urea and manure were important sources of N₂O and NO. The N₂O emission from poultry manure was significantly higher than that from urea. Soil was a net sink of NO for nonvegetation period, and a net sink of NO₂ for a year.

	Mustard Plants Promising for Metal-Laden Soil Remediation

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Transgenic Indian mustard plants overproducing metal-binding thiol compounds (phytochelatins and glutathione) were shown in previous hydroponic studies to have enhanced Cd tolerance and accumulation. To better examine the phytoremediation potential of these transgenics, Bennett et al. ( p. 432–440 ) grew them on metal-contaminated soil collected from Leadville, CO. Different transgenics accumulated 1.5-fold more Cd and Zn in their shoot compared with nontransgenic mustard, and one type of transgenic (ECS) accumulated up to threefold more Cr, Cu, and Pb. The transgenics removed significantly more metal from the soil compared with nontransgenic mustard or an unplanted control, and significantly reduced the soil metal concentration, removing between 6% (Zn) and 25% (Cd) of the soil metal in one crop. This study is the first to report enhanced phytoextraction potential of transgenic plants using polluted environmental soil.

	Removing Selenate from Agricultural Drainage Water

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Removal of selenium (Se) from agricultural drainage water is important for protecting wetland wildlife. Zhang and Frankenberger ( p. 441–446 ) conducted experiments on selenite [Se(IV)] adsorption and selenate [Se(VI)] reduction to determine Se removal from drainage water in the presence of rice straw. Under sterile conditions, added Se(IV) was not adsorbed to rice straw and added Se(VI) was not reduced during experiments. In contrast, about 95% of the added Se(VI) in a nonsterile rice–straw solution was reduced to Se(0) and about 5% of the added Se(VI) was transformed to organic Se(-II) in drainage water. Results indicate that rice straw may be useful in removing Se from agricultural drainage water in the field because it is an excellent carrier of Se(VI)-reducing bacteria, it provides C and nutrients, and its cost is low in the western San Joaquin Valley, CA.

	Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface Water

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Monitoring and experiments have demonstrated surface water pollution from turf pesticides is possible, but our knowledge of the likelihood and severity of such contamination is meager because it is caused by combinations of precipitation and chemical applications that rarely occur. The only practical way to assess these random events is through use of fate and transport models. When the models are run with multiyear weather records, simulations can provide long-term estimates of pesticide runoff and frequencies or return periods of extreme events. Haith and Rossi ( p. 447–455 ) used the TurfPQ model to simulate the runoff of pesticides commonly used on golf courses in the northeastern USA. Results showed that mean annual pesticide runoff loads did not exceed 3% of annual application for any pesticide or site, and most losses were substantially less than 1% of application. However, annual or monthly mean concentrations of chlorothalonil, iprodione, and PCNB in fairway runoff often exceeded LC₅₀ concentrations for aquatic organisms. Concentrations of azoxystrobin, bensulide, cyfluthrin, and trichlorfon in extreme (1 in 10 or 1 in 20 yr) events often approached or exceeded LC₅₀ levels.

	Herbicide Use in Forestry May Not Harm Water Quality

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Demand for wood is predicted to increase by 56% for softwood and 47% for hardwood in the USA by 2040. Almost all of the increased production is expected to come from forests of the southern USA. Herbicides are used in forestry to control competing vegetation, and so increase wood productivity of southern forests. Some are very concerned about the damage herbicides used might do to water quality and aquatic ecosystems. Michael ( p. 456–465 ) monitored the movement of one herbicide, sulfometuron, from a treated forest site into water and then downstream. Concentration of sulfometuron (24-hour mean) observed in streams on the site remained well below several standard measures of water quality impairment, and was not observed in stream flow 150 m downstream. Some streams draining forest sites may even benefit from its impact on invasive nonnative aquatic plants like Eurasian water-milfoil.

	Analyzing Sterol Content of Agricultural Soils

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
The sterol content of agricultural soils subjected to different treatments such as sewage sludge spread, irrigation by saline waters, and contamination by industrial and civil wastes was analyzed by Puglisi et al. ( p. 466–471 ) and compared to adjacent untreated soils. The three eukaryotic ones—cholesterol, ß-sitosterol, and ergosterol—were chosen as representative of the animal, vegetal, and fungal kingdoms, while coprostanol was surveyed to validate its use as a marker of fecal matter contamination. Univariate statistical analysis indicated ß-sitosterol content was affected by cultivation and time of sampling, cholesterol and ergosterol did not vary significantly within site location and treatment, and coprostanol was confirmed as a persistent marker of fecal matter contamination. Principal component analysis highlighted a clear distinction in agricultural soils among the concentrations of three eukaryotic sterols and coprostanol.

	Effects of Biowaste on Soil and Native Plants

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Surface disposal of urban organic wastes to degraded soils is a low-cost way to supply organic matter and essential nutrients to plants to enhance the development of a canopy cover. However, this practice can change the native plant communities and increase environmental risks because of the rise in concentration of macronutrients and heavy metals in soil. Martínez et al. ( p. 472–479 ) found an increase in plant canopy cover and biomass production, and a change in evolution of the plant communities that persisted for the three years of the study. An increase of soil and plant macro- and micronutrients that does not pose environmental risks was observed. A range of rates for biowaste application is also proposed.

	Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces Nitrate Leaching

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
High N fertilizer and irrigation amounts applied to potato on coarse-textured soils can result in NO₃ leaching and low recovery of applied fertilizer N. Zvomuya et al. ( p. 480–489 ) found that a single application of polyolefin-coated urea (PCU) can improve potato yield and minimize NO₃ leaching compared with split applications of urea on a loamy sand. At the recommended rate of 280 kg N ha^-1, NO₃ leaching during the growing season was 34 to 49% lower with PCU than three applications of urea. Under leaching conditions in the first year and excessive irrigation in the third year, the PCU improved total and marketable tuber yields by 12 to 19% compared with three applications of urea. Fertilizer N recovery efficiency estimated by difference and ¹⁵N isotope methods was, on average, higher with PCU (50%) than urea (43%). Results indicate PCU can reduce leaching and improve N recovery and tuber yield during seasons with high leaching.

	Cleanup Costs at Brownfield Sites

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Kaufman et al. ( p. 490–499 ) have demonstrated that brownfield sites within the diverse post-glacial terrain of the River Rouge watershed in southeastern Michigan exhibit wide variations in surface and subsurface risks. Magnitude of the surface risks is largely dependent on the presence or absence of firms that historically have contributed to ground water contamination. Subsurface risks are a function of the natural properties that include soil composition, thickness of the unsaturated zone, and soil stratigraphy. Costs to completely remediate brownfield sites within this complex geologic environment consisting of multiple surface land uses are closely correlated with the composite surface and subsurface risk level. Attempts to redevelop brownfields can use results from this study to guide remediation efforts at broad geographic scales.

	New Biodegradable Chelate for Induced Lead Phytoextraction

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Chelate-induced phytoremediation has been proposed as an effective tool for the extraction of Pb from contaminated soils by plants. However, side effects related to the addition of chelates, mainly Pb leaching, raise environmental concerns. Grman et al. ( p. 500–506 ) introduce ethylene diamine dissuccinate (EDDS) as a promising new chelate for enhanced, environmentally safe phytoextraction of soils contaminated with Pb. Measurements of Pb in leaves of Chinese cabbage revealed high single doses of EDDS and EDTA, as one of the most tested chelates, were the most, and equally, effective. In contrast to EDTA, however, EDDS addition caused only minor leaching of Pb and was significantly less toxic to plants and soil microorganisms.

	Metals in Soil and Water Near Treated Utility Poles

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
A total of 189 soil samples from different depths and distances around six chromated copper arsenate (CCA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG)–treated utility poles in the Montreal area (Canada) were analyzed for Cu, Cr, and As content. Zagury et al. ( p. 507–514 ) analyzed ground water samples collected below the poles for metals, and bioassays with Daphnia magna were conducted. The highest Cu, As, and Cr concentrations were found at the ground line and immediately adjacent to poles. Contaminant levels decreased considerably with distance, approaching background levels within 0.1 to 0.5 m from the poles. Chromium and Cu concentrations generally approached background levels at a depth of 0.5 m, but As persisted up to 1 m in soil depth. Bioassays showed that, overall, ground water had a low ecotoxic potential.

	Sequestering Agents for Metals and Radionuclides

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Metals... Lead Bullets Contaminate... Measuring Trace Elements in... Chromium and Microbes in... Soil Characteristics Help... Managing the Impact of... The Old and Familiar... Water Repellency of Soils... The Affinity of Humic... Nitrogen Use Efficiency and... Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Soil... Phosphorus Removed in Vegetated... Reservoir Toxics Model Helps... Determining the Available Part... Nitrate N Flux from... Water Quality Changes in... Soil Fluoride Determined Using... Polyacrylamide Penetrates Soil... Timing and Rate Important... Fly Ash Materials as... Mechanisms of Phytate... Microbial Respiration in the... Nutrient Transport in a... Wastewater Treatment in... Impurity in Old Pesticide...

 
Knox et al. ( p. 515–525 ) evaluated the use of apatite or phillipsite (zeolite) as sequestering agents to remediate a contaminated medium. Because certain sources of apatite and zeolite have been found ineffective at sequestering soil metals, a laboratory batch study was conducted to screen the effectiveness of the specific minerals used in a subsequent bioavailability study. The bioavailability study showed the sequestering agents were very effective at redistributing Cd, Pb, and Zn into fractions that were more strongly held by the soil. This redistribution of the metals resulted in less phytotoxicity, as indicated by greater plant growth and lower metal concentrations in plant tissue. Apatite was consistently better than phillipsite at reducing metal bioavailability.

	Lead Bullets Contaminate Shooting Ranges

TOP Pathogen Survival in Manure Mercury in Forests and... Odor and Gas Releases... Estrogenic Activity in Flue... Manure Application Provides... Mustard Plants Promising for... Removing Selenate from... Turf Pesticides Pollute Surface... Herbicide Use in Forestry... Analyzing Sterol Content of... Effects of Biowaste on... Polyolefin-Coated Urea Reduces... Cleanup Costs at Brownfield... New Biodegradable Chelate for... Metals in Soil and... Sequestering Agents for Meta