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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Soil Quality in New Zealand

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

L. Lilburne

(LilburneL{at}LandcareResearch.co.nz)

Soil Quality in New Zealand: Policy and the Science Response. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1768–1773.

	A Dynamic Gas Flux Chamber

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Dynamic chambers are commonly used to measure the emission of many trace gases and chemicals from soil. However, chamber technique can alter measured efflux for several reasons, such as the pressure difference created between outside and inside the chamber and the change of environmental properties (e.g., soil temperature and wind profile near the soil surface). Reichman and Rolston present an aerodynamic (flow through) chamber that was designed to accurately measure the surface flux of trace gases. Performance test results show: (i) a uniform distribution of air velocity within the chamber at the soil surface; (ii) steady state flux was attained within 5 min when the outlet air suction was 20 L/min or higher; (iii) the presence of the chamber did not affect the measured flux for outlet suction rates of 20 L/min, except that the chamber caused some cooling of surface soil; and (iv) the chamber measures soil efflux accurately when pressure deficit within the chamber with respect to ambient atmosphere ranges between 0.46 and 0.79 Pa.

R. Reichman

(raichman{at}iibr.gov.il)

Design and Performance of a Dynamic Gas Flux Chamber. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1774–1781.

	Remove Ammonia with a Biofilter

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Ammonia (NH₃) removal efficiencies were evaluated when hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and NH₃ in binary mixture gases were supplied to a ceramic biofilter seeded with earthworm casts. When NH₃ was singly supplied to the biofilter, NH₃ removal was maintained at almost 100% until inlet NH₃ concentration was increased to 600 µL L^-1 and space velocity to 330 h^-1, at which the elimination capacity of NH₃ was 148 g N m^-3 h^-1. When H₂S was supplied simultaneously, however, the accumulation of toxic sulfide ions showed dual effects on NH₃ removal efficiencies: First, no effects were observed at inlet H₂S loading below 60 g S m^-3 h^-1; however, inhibition by H₂S at higher loading was observed above 60 g S m^-3 h^-1. On the other hand, H₂S gas supplied simultaneously with NH₃ and was adsorbed only a little by the biofilter in the first period of operation and was not removed later.

K.-S. Cho

(kscho{at}ewha.ac.kr)

Hydrogen Sulfide Effects on Ammonia Removal by a Biofilter Seeded with Earthworm Casts. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1782–1788.

	Canola and Broccoli as Alternative Crops

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Selenium, boron, and salinity contamination of agricultural drainage water is potentially hazardous for water reuse strategies in central California. Banuelos examined the feasibility of using such high-value cash crops as canola and broccoli as recipients for Se-laden drainage water under field conditions. He reports that after two years, yields were economically satisfactory for the grower under high saline and B conditions. Up to 18% of the applied Se was extracted by the plants and an additional 16% was presumed lost in the soil by other processes, for example, volatilization and transformation of Se to insoluble forms of Se. Although soluble levels of Se did not increase in the soil, careful salt management, especially of excessive soluble B, will be essential for maintaining soil productivity with long-term use of drainage water.

G.S. Bañuelos

(gbanuelos{at}fresno.ars.usda.gov)

Irrigation of Broccoli and Canola with Boron- and Selenium-Laden Effluent. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1802–1808.

	Jet Fuel Components Degrade in Soil

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
The main airport of Oslo (Norway) is situated on the Gardermoen delta where sedimentary layers may provide preferential flow paths for water-soluble contaminants. A field experiment was conducted to study transport and degradation of two aromatic jet fuel components (toluene and o-xylene) in unsaturated soil. The delta structure did provide a preferential flow path leading to a horizontal displacement of the plumes. However, the degradation potential for toluene and o-xylene in the soil was very high and almost all of the injected hydrocarbons were subject to aerobic biodegradation before reaching the saturated zone. Overall, first-order degradation coefficients were calculated to be in the range of 0.19 to 0.21 d^-1 for toluene and 0.10 to 0.11 d^-1 for o-xylene.

A.K. Søvik

(anne.sovik{at}jordforsk.no)

Transport and Degradation of Toluene and o-Xylene in an Unsaturated Soil with Dipping Sedimentary Layers. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1809–1823.

	Biodegradation during Contaminant Transport

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
The level of microbial activity at a contaminated site, as well as the biodegradation potential, is influenced by numerous factors including the type and quantity of microorganisms and their deposition in the subsurface environment. Miscible-displacement experiments were conducted to investigate the interaction between microbial growth and cell elution, and their impact on resultant microbial distribution between the aqueous and solid phases in a sandy, low-organic-C-content, porous medium. For conditions yielding a considerable amount of microbial growth, the majority of the biomass was associated with the aqueous phase (68–90%). Conversely, under minimal-growth conditions, most cells (approximately 60–70%) were attached to particle surfaces. Results suggest the increase in aqueous-phase cells observed for the experiments exhibiting the greatest growth is associated with the production of new cells, and that under appropriate conditions, aqueous-phase biomass can contribute significantly to contaminant biodegradation.

M.L. Brusseau

(brusseau{at}ag.arizona.edu)

Biodegradation during Contaminant Transport in Porous Media: V. The Influence of Growth and Cell Elution on Microbial Distribution. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1824–1830.

	Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal from Soil

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Soil contamination with chromium(VI) is widespread, including at many small Cr plating businesses. Simulating indigenous bacteria to transform Cr(VI) to Cr(III) may provide a low-cost remediation method, but the activity must be sustainable year-round to prevent ground water contamination. Batch studies at 10°C found C addition promoted Cr(VI) biotransformation, and aerobic conditions with added ammonia were most favorable at high Cr(VI) concentrations. Anaerobic sulfate reduction resulted in sulfides that formed unextractable complexes with Cr and may therefore yield the most stable Cr sequestration in soil. Bioactivity was partially successful in Cr(VI) transformation, regardless of the presence of nitrate, ferric iron, or sulfate as competitive electron acceptors under anaerobic conditions, indicating biostimulation could be successful under a wide range of site conditions.

A.R. Bielefeldt

(Angela.Bielefeldt{at}colorado.edu)

Low-Temperature Chromium(VI) Biotransformation in Soil with Varying Electron Acceptors. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1831–1841.

	A Novel Bioremediation Technology

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
A novel bioremediation technology is reported that uses a combination of abiological surfactant soil washing followed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) biological oxidation in soil washwater using a white rot fungus (Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burdsall in Burdsall & Eslyn) in a rotating biological contactor (RBC) reactor. Total removal efficiency for any of nine PAHs in an 11-month aged soil was greater than 90% using a combination of surfactant soil washing and P. chrysosporium oxidation of PAHs in soil washwater in an RBC reactor when used in batch operation, and greater than 76% when used in continuous operation. This combined technology permits (i) a rapid abiological cleanup of soil for compliance with relevant soil quality standards and (ii) PAH biological removal in soil washwater for compliance with aqueous discharge standards.

J.P. Obbard

(chejpo{at}nus.edu.sg)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Removal from Soil by Surfactant Solubilization and Phanerochaete chrysosporium Oxidation. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1842–1847.

	Soil Quality at a National Scale

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Soil quality was measured at 222 sites in 12 soil orders and 9 land-use categories in New Zealand. Topsoil (0–100 mm) properties measured were: total C and N, potentially mineralizable N, pH, Olsen P, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, total available water, and readily available water. Soil order and land-use categories explained 55 to 76% of the variance in soil properties. Total C contents of pastures were comparable with indigenous forest soils, but pastures were less acidic and with higher N and P contents. Plantation forests had characteristics similar to indigenous forests on comparable soils. Cropland soils comprised <1% of the national land cover and generally had high inorganic fertility, low organic matter, and evidence of compaction.

G. Sparling

(SparlingG{at}LandcareResearch.co.nz)

Soil Quality at a National Scale in New Zealand. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1848–1857.

	Water Table and Nitrogen Fertilization Management

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Nitrate (NO₃) pollution of water resources has become a widely recognized risk in intensively managed agricultural ecosystems. Water and N fertilizer are the two most important factors affecting crop production and NO₃ movement to surface and ground water. Strategies to reduce NO₃ pollution should therefore seek to prevent accumulation of NO₃ in the soil profile. Water table management is a practice that has been shown to offer better quality while enhancing or maintaining crop performance. The NO^-₃–N concentrations in the soil profile and drain discharge were less under subirrigation than under free drainage for nearly all sampling dates. Corn yield was not affected by water table during normal growing seasons, but was affected by N fertilization rate in 1996 and 1997.

C. Hamel

(hamel{at}nrs.mcgill.ca)

Environmental and Agronomic Implications of Water Table and Nitrogen Fertilization Management. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1858–1867.

	Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach from Container Forest Nurseries

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Knowledge about impacts of forest nurseries is needed in environmental management work and in life cycle analyses of wood products. The amounts of N and P leached through container trays into the ground were determined in actual seedling production. The annual leaching of N through container medium into ground was the same order of magnitude as the mean losses of N from Finnish agricultural fields; P leached in greater amounts. The total N and P load could increase substantially because of nutrients fertigated outside container trays. Evaluation of production systems and methods could help nurseries to develop growing practices that decrease the nutrient load of the environment.

M.-L. Juntunen

(marja-liisa.juntunen{at}metla.fi)

Leaching of Nitrogen and Phosphorus during Production of Forest Seedlings in Containers. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1868–1874.

	Excess Cadmium Likely in Agricultural Soils of the Netherlands

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Regression models for Cd concentration in crops were used to derive critical threshold concentrations for Cd in soil from food quality standards for Cd in crops. These critical threshold concentrations in soil vary in space, because uptake of Cd by crops depends on the pH, soil organic matter content, and clay content of soil. The probability that actual Cd concentration exceeds these critical threshold concentrations was approximated by Monte Carlo simulation. The cumulative distribution functions of Cd in soil and the basic soil properties were estimated by a geostatistical method that can make use of prior knowledge of the spatial pattern of these soil properties. The estimated probability for grassland is negligible, even in areas with high Cd concentrations in soil. For arable soils, however, these probabilities commonly are larger than 5% when sugarbeet or wheat is taken as a reference crop, and locally exceed 50%.

D.J. Brus

(d.j.brus{at}alterra.wag-ur.nl)

Mapping the Probability of Exceeding Critical Thresholds for Cadmium Concentrations in Soils in the Netherlands. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1875–1884.

	Organic Complexes of Cadmium in Compost

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Amending soils with composted municipal solid waste (MSW) adds significant amounts of organic trace metals complexes, with important consequences for bioavailability and mobility in the soil environment. Kaschl et al. report on the complexation of Cd by different organic ligands extracted, separated, and purified from MSW compost. Partially soluble and strongly humified ligands demonstrated the highest capacity to sequester Cd. In addition, Cd was strongly bound by soluble ligands containing N functional groups. Hence, these two types of ligands are considered to be the most relevant for organic complexation of Cd by compost-derived ligands in the soil solution after compost addition.

Y. Chen

(yonachen{at}agri.huji.ac.il)

Cadmium Binding by Fractions of Dissolved Organic Matter and Humic Substances from Municipal Solid Waste Compost. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1885–1892.

	Extract Lead with High Biomass Plants

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Cabbage, mung bean, and wheat were grown in Pb-contaminated soils. Application of EDTA (3.0 mmol of EDTA/kg soil) to soil significantly increased the concentration of Pb in the shoots and roots of all plants. Results of the sequential chemical extraction of soil samples showed Pb concentrations in the carbonate–specifically adsorbed and Fe–Mn oxide phases were significantly decreased after EDTA treatment. The application of EDTA in three separate doses was most effective in enhancing the accumulation of Pb in cabbage shoots and decreased mobility of Pb in soil compared with one and two dose application methods. This approach could help minimize the amount of chelate applied in the field and reduce the potential risk of soluble Pb movement into ground water.

X.-D. Li

(cexdli{at}polyu.edu.hk)

Lead Phytoextraction from Contaminated Soil with High-Biomass Plant Species. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1893–1900.

	Strong pH-Control of Heavy Metal Release in Soils

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Soil pH is known to strongly control the sorption–desorption of heavy metal ions in soils, but it is not known if this also holds for the kinetics of heavy metal release. Sukreeyapongse et al. performed laboratory release experiments to quantify the pH-dependent release kinetics of Cd, Cu, and Pb from natural or sludge-amended Kandiustults and Hapludalfs. With two exceptions, relative release rates (release rate/total content of metal in soil) plotted vs. steady state pH followed the same curves for each metal. These curves could be described by a rate expression of the form: Relative release rate = k[H⁺]^a, with specific a (empirical constant) and k (rate constant) parameters for each metal demonstrating that metal release in these systems can be explained by proton-induced desorption and dissolution reactions. With decreasing pH, pronounced increases in release rates were observed in the sequence Cd > Pb > Cu.

H.C.B. Hansen

(haha{at}kvl.dk)

pH-Dependent Release of Cadmium, Copper, and Lead from Natural and Sludge-Amended Soils. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1901–1909.

	Spatial Variation of 137Cs in Small Catchments

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs... Bioavailable Phosphorus Content... Nitrate in Streams Relate... Rapid Chemical Movement to... Sorption and Desorption of... Retention Equation Describes... Year-Round Forage Systems for... Sugar Maple Monitors Soil... A-Bomb 90Sr Remains in... Can Carbon Dioxide Protect... Golf Course Operation Influences... Phosphorus Source Affects... Acid-Base Accounting Helps... Volatilization of... Nitrogen and Phosphorus... Phosphorus Characteristics of... Swine Microbial Communities... Sandy Soils Amended with... Selenium Removed by Muskgrass... Size and Age Do... Earthworms, Bacteria Increase... Control Swine Slurry Bacteria

 
Surface contamination by bomb-derived and Chernobyl-derived ¹³⁷Cs has been subject to changes due to physical decay and lateral transport of contaminated soil particles, which have resulted in an ongoing transfer of radionuclides from terrestrial ecosystems to surface water, river bed sediments, and floodplains. By means of a simple sediment budget model and universal kriging, van der Perk et al. were able to separate the spatial patterns of ¹³⁷Cs resulting from soil erosion and deposition from other sources of variation in ¹³⁷Cs in a small hilly catchment of Slovakia. The remaining spatial pattern reveals initial fallout pattern of Chernobyl-derived ¹³⁷Cs and the effect of floodplain deposition. The spatially uncorrelated variation is considerable and is largely attributed to short-range ¹³⁷Cs redistribution during fallout.

M. van der Perk

(m.vanderperk{at}geog.uu.nl)

Assessment of Spatial Variation of Cesium-137 in Small Catchments. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1930–1939.

	Bioavailable Phosphorus Content in Runoff

TOP Soil Quality in New... A Dynamic Gas Flux... Remove Ammonia with a... Canola and Broccoli as... Jet Fuel Components Degrade... Biodegradation during... Optimize Chromium(Vl) Removal... A Novel Bioremediation... Soil Quality at a... Water Table and Nitrogen... Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leach... Excess Cadmium Likely in... Organic Complexes of Cadmium... Extract Lead with High... Strong pH-Control of Heavy... Spatial Variation of 137Cs...