JEQ Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Figures Only
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (19)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Korboulewsky, N.
Right arrow Articles by Bonin, G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Korboulewsky, N.
Right arrow Articles by Bonin, G.
GeoRef
Right arrow GeoRef Citation
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Korboulewsky, N.
Right arrow Articles by Bonin, G.
Related Collections
Right arrow Water Management
Right arrow Soil Organic Matter
Right arrow Ecological Risk Assessment
Right arrow Nutrient Management
Right arrow Soil Pollution
Journal of Environmental Quality 31:1522-1527 (2002)
© 2002 American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America

TECHNICAL REPORTS
Ecological Risk Assessment

Environmental Risks of Applying Sewage Sludge Compost to Vineyards

Carbon, Heavy Metals, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Accumulation

Nathalie Korboulewsky*, Sylvie Dupouyet and Gilles Bonin

Laboratoire de Biosystématique et Ecologie Méditerranéenne (LBEM)—Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoecologie (IMEP), UMR CNRS 6116, Université de Provence, FST St Jérôme, case 421 bis, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France

* Corresponding author (nathalie.korboulewsky{at}univ.u-3mrs.fr)

Received for publication May 18, 2001.

   ABSTRACT
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Biosolids are applied to vineyards to supply organic matter. However, there is concern that this practice can increase the concentration of macronutrients and heavy metals in the soil, some of which can leach. We evaluated the environmental hazard of sewage sludge compost applied in March 1999 at 10, 30, and 90 Mg ha-1 fresh weight in a vineyard in southeastern France. Soil organic matter increased in all plots by 3 g kg-1 18 mo after the amendment. Neither total nor available heavy metal concentrations increased in the soil. Mineral nitrogen (N) in the topsoil of amended plots of 10, 30, and 90 Mg ha-1 increased by 5, 14, and 26 kg (NO-3–N + NH+4–N) ha-1, respectively, the first summer and by 2, 5, and 10 kg ha-1, respectively, the second summer compared with controls. At the recommended rate, risks of N leaching is very low, but phosphorus (P) appeared to be the limiting factor. Phosphorus significantly increased only in plots amended with the highest rate in the topsoil and subsoil. At lower rates, although no significant differences were observed, P added was greater than the quantities absorbed by vines. In the long run, P will accumulate in the soil and may reach concentrations that will pose a risk to surface waters and ground water. Therefore, although the current recommended rate (10 Mg ha-1) increased soil organic matter without the risk of N leaching, total sewage sludge loading rates on vineyards should be based on P concentrations.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
THE DECREASE OF organic matter in vineyard soils is related to smaller manure input. Organic matter can be added as composts, such as sewage sludge composts, and may improve soil properties, such as bulk density, porosity, and water holding capacity (Kirchmann and Gerzabek, 1999; McConnell et al., 1993). Also, it can increase aggregate stability (Sort and Alcañiz, 1999). However, sludges can introduce potentially toxic trace elements including organic pollutants and heavy metals.

The total plant uptake of identified organic pollutants from sludge is minor and is unlikely to cause adverse health effects (Dean and Suess, 1985). Therefore, heavy metals are the primary concern in compost use in agriculture. Heavy metals may be toxic to both plants and animals (including humans) at high concentrations (Barker, 1997; Chaney, 1980). Among heavy metals, cadmium is the most hazardous contaminant in terms of food-chain contamination (McLaughlin et al., 1999). However, due to national and international restrictions, heavy metal content is now limited.

Nitrogen and phosphorus can leach and pollute ground water (Chaney, 1990), and these nutrients are the main problem of sludge applications on land. Composts, like other inputs on agricultural soils, must supply sufficient nutrients to prevent nutrient deficiencies in crops, but nutrient leaching to the ground water must be avoided. However, sewage sludge composts have a low N to P ratio, and applications based on N crop requirements provide excessive P. The quantity of N mineralized from sludge and the time this occurs is difficult to predict, though both are necessary to predict the N available to plants and the leaching potential. Little is known about the environmental risks of sewage sludge compost on crops that have low P and N requirements, such as vineyards, since most experiments are done on annual crops (mainly cereals) that have N requirements nearly 10 times greater.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sewage sludge compost on a vineyard in southeastern France. Specific objectives were to quantify in situ N mineralization and soil organic matter increase, and to evaluate the environmental risks of sewage sludge compost applied to vineyards, such as N and P leaching and heavy metal accumulation by soil.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Vineyard Site
The research was initiated on a commercial vineyard, Côtes de Provence, in southeastern France. The vineyard was planted in 1992 with a perennial grape (Vitis vinifera cv. Grenache noir) crop, spaced at 1.0 x 2.5 m (400 vines m-2). The main root system was between 10 and 70 cm deep, and a few big roots occurred at depths greater than 150 cm, which are used by vines to absorb water during the dry summer months, but they are not sufficiently numerous to extract significant amounts of soil nutrients.

The soil was a typical southeastern French vineyard soil. It was a saturated solum, type calcisol (FAO-UNESCO, 1989), and was clay-loamy, brown, poor in organic matter (<1%), calcareous, and had a C to N ratio close to 10 (Table 1).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1. Soil physical and chemical characteristics (mean of n = 12).{dagger}

 
Compost and Experimental Design
The compost used was a sewage sludge compost produced by a local company (Biotechna, ZI de la Delorme, Marseilles, France). The sludge, a by-product of municipal wastewater treatment, was mixed with pine bark and green wastes. The mixture was composted for 30 d at 75°C to kill pathogenic microorganisms and decompose phytotoxic substances, and then sieved (<20-mm mesh) to remove large bark pieces and stored in swathes. The swathes were turned (mixed) several times in the next 6 mo to promote organic matter humification. The final compost met the French legal standards for pathogenic microorganisms, organic trace elements, and heavy metals (Table 2).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 2. Compost physical and chemical characteristics (mean of n = 3).{dagger}

 
The experimental site was divided into 12 plots (four treatments repeated three times) of 18 x 12.5 m (five vine rows). The plots were separated from each other and from the field edge by a buffer zone of at least 5 m. The sewage sludge compost was spread by hand at the end of March 1999 and immediately incorporated by rototilling (15 cm deep). The trial design was arranged in a completely randomized design of the four treatments:

The 10 Mg ha-1 compost (fresh wt.) rate is the current recommended rate for an annual or biannual application on agricultural land by the French Chambre d'Agriculture (State Agricultural Organization). The maximum rate of sludge allowed to be amended is 30 Mg ha-1 dry wt. over a period of 10 yr. As the compost contains 60% sludge (40% of green waste and bark), the highest rate used in this experiment, 90 Mg ha-1 compost (fresh wt.), corresponds to this maximum. In addition, we applied an intermediate rate, 30 Mg ha-1 compost (fresh wt.). The N and P addition with the rate is indicated in Table 3.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 3. Quantities of N and P added to the soil with the three rates of compost. The recommended soil addition, for optimum plant growth and soil functioning, and the vine absorption of N and P are given according to Delas (1989).

 
Vineyard management was the same in all the plots. Vines received crop protection treatments to fit the normal crop protection requirements as recommended by the Chambre d'Agriculture (three copper–sulfur applications, Microthiol from Elf-Atochem Agro [Paris] at 10 L ha-1; and one or two more copper applications, Epylog from Rhône-Poulenc Agro [Le Vesinet] at 3.75 kg ha-1), weed killer (once a year, Prius from Novartis-Agro [Rueil Malmaison] at 10 L ha-1), trimming, and rototilling (15 cm deep). No additional fertilizers were applied to the experimental field during the study.

Soil Chemical Analyses
Soil samples were collected by taking a composite of six cores at two depths, 0 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, for each plot once before (12 Mar. 1999) and up to 10 times following the amendment (from 24 Mar. 1999 to 26 Oct. 2000; Table 4). Samples were refrigerated (4°C) until mineral N analysis was performed. Soil mineral N (NO-3–N and NH+4–N) was extracted with 0.5 M KCl solution (1:10 v/v) and measured colorimetrically (Method PR NF ISO 14256-2; AFNOR, 2002). After those analyses were performed, the soil was air-dried and passed through a 2-mm sieve for further analysis.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 4. Sampling dates and rainfall accumulation between sampling dates. Under Mediterranean climate, rainfalls occur mainly during spring and autumn.

 
Available phosphorus content was determined colorimetrically after extraction with a 0.1 M ammonium acetate solution (Joret–Hébert Method NF X 31-161; AFNOR, 1999e). Carbon and nitrogen were determined after dry combustion (Methods NF ISO 10694 and NF ISO 13878; AFNOR, 1999a,c).

Total heavy metal concentrations were determined by placing 200 mg of dry soil in 1 mL nitric acid, 1 mL perchloric acid, and 1 mL hydrofluoric acid. The solution was heated until dried and then cooled. The residue was mixed with 1 mL nitric acid and 2 mL hydrochloric acid and heated to obtain a clear solution. Copper, Ni, and Zn were determined with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer (ICP–AES). An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP–MS) technique was used for Cd and Pb.

Available heavy metal concentrations were determined in 10 g of soil with 50 mL of CaCl2 solution (0.01 M) according to Lebourg et al. (1996).

Total organic matter analyses were conducted on oven-dried (40°C) and sieved (<2 mm) soil samples collected in the topsoil (0–30 cm) before (12 Mar. 1999), 2 d after (24 Mar. 1999), 6 mo after (28 Sept. 1999), and 18 mo (26 Oct. 2000) after the application of compost.

Total organic matter was measured with the dry combustion method (Method NF ISO 10694; AFNOR, 1999a). Organic matter was calculated by multiplying the total organic matter by 1.72.

Statistical Analyses
All statistical analyses were performed with the Statistica system (StatSoft, 1996). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on heavy metals concentrations. As total organic C, N, and P concentrations throughout the time are dependant measures, ANOVA with repeated measures was performed to determine the significance of treatment effects. When a test gave p < 0.05, a Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test was performed to compare means of the different compost rates. Potential rate effects were assessed by linear regression.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Organic Matter
Total organic matter was enriched in the topsoil of amended plots. It rose from 8 g kg-1 before to 11 g kg-1 18 mo after the amendment in all amended plots regardless of the rate (Fig. 1) . Just after the amendment, the organic matter (OM) content increased proportionally to the rate (p = 0.01). This increase is found widely, and is understandable as composts contain around 50% OM (McConnell et al., 1993; He et al., 1992; Pinamonti, 1998; Vetterlein and Hüttl, 1999). After 18 mo, OM content was similar in all amended plots, which shows that OM content decreased faster at higher rates (ANOVA, interaction between factors rate and date, p = 0.01). This faster OM decomposition can be explained by an increase of microbial biomass and an increase of microbial mineralization activities during a period of several months following the amendments (Perucci, 1990).



View larger version (33K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 1. Total organic matter (OM) in control and amended topsoils (0–30 cm) measured before (12 Mar. 1999), 2 d after (24 Mar. 1999), 6 mo after (28 Sept. 1999), and 18 mo after (26 Oct. 2000) the amendment (mean and standard error of n = 3). For each sampling date, columns with the same letter are not statistically different (Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test, p < 0.05).

 
Our results showed that 10 Mg ha-1 compost increased significantly the soil OM by 3 g kg-1, and that higher amendment rates as a single application do not lead to a greater increase in the long run. However, to have good soil functioning and conservation, Seguin (1980) recommended an organic matter content in the topsoil of 20 g kg-1. Therefore, repeated compost addition is needed to increase the soil OM to this level for this soil. Lower rates than 10 Mg ha-1 compost might increase the soil OM significantly but in a much longer time, given that 1 to 2% of the soil OM is mineralized per year. The current recommended rate of sewage sludge compost application, 10 Mg ha-1 compost, seems to satisfy the purpose of compost application, which is a significant increase in soil OM.

Nitrogen Mineralization
The compost released mineral N mainly in the first 4 mo following the amendment and to a lesser extent in the second summer (Fig. 2) . In the topsoil (0–30 cm), the mineral N increase was significantly correlated with application rate (p < 0.02). The first summer, the mineral N concentrations in the topsoil of plots amended with 10, 30, and 90 Mg ha-1 compost were increased by 5, 14, and 26 kg ha-1, respectively. The second summer, those concentrations increased by 2, 5, and 10 kg ha-1, respectively. During the winter, N mineralization was very low, probably due to less microbial activity, and to higher rainfalls (Table 4) that tend to leach extractable nutrients. The mineralization rates found in our experiment agree with those of He et al. (1992), who reported the highest N mineralization rate in the first year after the municipal solid waste compost application. However, when immature compost is applied, N was immobilized, resulting in N deficiency of various species (Hue and Sobieszczyk, 1999; Jiménez and Garcia, 1989; Mamo et al., 1999). For vines, which have low N requirements (30 kg N ha-1 yr-1; Delas, 1989), N immobilization could be seen as a desirable attribute to minimize N loss, but Mamo et al. (1999) showed that it was not only the additional N from the compost that was immobilized but the soil N as well. Consequently, N mineralization was lower than the control and even negative in soil amended with compost, resulting in N deficiency for the crop (corn, Zea mays L.). Application of immature compost cannot, therefore, be used to prevent N leaching in a cropping system.



View larger version (28K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 2. Nitrogen mineralization (NH+4–N and NO-3–N) over time in (a) the topsoil (0–30 cm) and (b) the subsoil (30–60 cm) following the application of 0, 10, 30, and 90 Mg ha-1 compost (fresh wt.). The sewage sludge compost was applied on 23 Mar. 1999.

 
In the subsoil (30–60 cm), mineral N also increased 30 d after compost application. This increase was proportional to the compost rate, and was 20 kg ha-1 more in the high compost plots than in control plots (Fig. 2; r = 0.640, p = 0.025). This demonstrates that mineral N from high compost application rates can migrate to the subsoil soon after compost application and probably even deeper. Given that the N concentration in the control soil was sufficient for vine nutrition and high production (personal observations and leaf nutrient analysis), and that the main root system occurred between 10 and 70 cm, the additional N mineralized from the compost may not be all absorbed by plants and is likely to be leached below the rooting zone. Part of the mineral N in excess could be denitrified or immobilized by microorganisms, but these phenomena are secondary. A small percentage of nitrates can be taken up in deeper horizons by deep vines roots, but only a few roots per vine went deeper than 70 cm. Therefore, it is very likely that most of the nitrates in excess will leach below the rooting zone. Nitrogen leaching risks are very low at the recommended rate (10 Mg ha-1 compost fresh wt.), but are severe at higher rates. In addition, the soil type in this experiment, a typical southeastern French vineyard soil (calcareous, clayey-loamy), increases the potential for macronutrients to leach. This soil contains a high percentage of clay (23.2%), and under the Mediterranean climate soil is often dried out before being rewetted by heavy showers. This kind of soil experiences a greater N flush than soils with lower clay levels (Strong et al., 1999), increasing the probability for leaching. Although farmers may be tempted to apply high compost rates to increase the soil organic matter, the compost application rate should be calculated according to vine nutrient requirements and to the soil nutrient concentrations to prevent N leaching and ground water contamination in Mediterranean soils.

Heavy Metals
Neither total nor available heavy metal concentrations were increased in the soil by sewage sludge compost application (Table 5). This result was expected, since the compost used contained very low levels of heavy metals, which were primarily in nonextractable and nonexchangeable forms (Breslin, 1999; Planquart et al., 1999). Indeed, the composting process reduces the heavy metal availability in the raw material, possibly due to adsorption on or complexing by humic substances (Paré et al., 1999; Shuman, 1998; Pichtel and Anderson, 1997). Additionally, less than 1% of total heavy metals were available in all plots, which is probably due to the soil type—heavy metals are less available in soil containing high clay percentage and with basic pH (Miner et al., 1997). The soil had higher total zinc concentrations than typical agricultural soils (though below legal maximum). This zinc is of geological origin and is found in high concentrations in many soils in southeastern France.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 5. Total and available heavy metal concentrations (with standard errors in parentheses) in the soil 2 d after the amendment of the sewage sludge compost (mean of n = 3 replicates).

 
In southeastern French vineyards, amendments of mature compost containing low levels of heavy metals will not lead to any short-term accumulation in the soil and, therefore, there is little risk for plant or ground water contamination.

Phosphorus
The available P concentration significantly increased in the topsoil and subsoil of plots amended with the highest compost rate both years (p <= 0.01). The P concentration was 1.8 times higher in the topsoil (mean over the period: 210 ± 31 kg P ha-1) and 1.5 times higher in the subsoil (mean over the period: 72 ± 18 kg P ha-1) than in control plots (Fig. 3) . Soil available P did not significantly increase at lower rates.



View larger version (32K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 3. Available P with time in (a) topsoil (0–30 cm) and (b) subsoil (30–60 cm) following the application of 0, 10, 30, and 90 Mg ha-1 compost (fresh wt.). The sewage sludge compost was applied on 23 Mar. 1999.

 
Phosphorus added to the soil can be adsorbed by the soil, complexed with calcium ions, or stay in the soil solution. The complexation reactions, even more important in calcareous soils, and the adsorption reactions lead to insoluble P (Kleinman et al., 2000). The soil soluble P is quite stable with time due to those reactions. Nevertheless, adding high soluble P quantities brings the soil to the saturated stage (Kleinman et al., 2000), and part of the added P remains in an available form and can be leached easily.

Soil P concentrations significantly increased at the highest rate only. This result may be due to a modification of the equilibrium between the different soil P forms, or because the soil had reached the saturated stage (the proportion of added soluble P sorbed by the soil is low; Kleinman et al., 2000). In the subsoil, the increase of available P in plots amended with 90 Mg ha-1 occurred just after the amendment, which suggests that P migration was connected with the labile organic C migration.

Nevertheless, sewage sludge compost application can load the soil with high P quantities. In plots amended with 10, 30, and 90 Mg ha-1 compost, the soil was loaded with 62, 186, and 557 kg P ha-1, respectively. Given that vines absorb little P (maximum 5 kg P ha-1 yr-1; Delas, 1989) and that P reserves in the soil are usually sufficient (Delas, 1989), the P input with the compost may be environmentally hazardous in the long run. Repeated applications of sewage sludge compost (even at the 10 Mg ha-1 recommended rate) can lead to soil P accumulation, which may lead to soluble or sediment-borne P migration. Indeed, this risk has been observed for various soil types for biosolids (Rostagno and Sosebee, 2001) and seasonally flooded agricultural soils (Young and Ross, 2001). In addition, Whalen and Chang (2001) showed that P leached through calcareous fine-textured soils that received annual feedlot manure for 16 yr, in spite of high P adsorption capacity due to the presence of clay minerals, humic substances, and Fe and Al oxides. Their results suggest that repeated applications of sewage sludge compost on vineyards may lead to P migration and ground water pollution.

One solution to this issue would be to apply compost based on crop P requirements, which is for the vines an application of 9 kg P ha-1 yr-1. The corresponding compost rate is less than 2 Mg ha-1, which is far less than the rate needed for the original purpose of amendment (rapid and significant increase in soil organic matter). Although in the long run, applying a low compost rate can lead to an increase in organic matter, for a rapid significant increase, the P content of sewage sludge compost seems too high for regular application, and a low nutrient organic material should be used.


   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
 
Sewage sludge compost applied on vines increased significantly the soil organic matter. It seems that for this main purpose of compost application, the current recommended rate of 10 Mg ha-1 compost is satisfactory.

Compost released mineral N in the first few months following the amendment and during the summers. Mineral N concentrations in the topsoil and subsoil increased proportionally with higher rates. Therefore, the N leaching risks occur mainly in the first few months following the amendment and are more severe at a higher compost rate.

Phosphorus appeared to be the limiting factor of sewage sludge amendment in vineyards, even at the recommended rate of 10 Mg ha-1 compost. Indeed, P added to the soil with the compost is not entirely absorbed by vines, which have a low P demand. Therefore, excess P accumulates in the soil, and in the long run, may leach into the ground water. In contrast, such composts containing low heavy metal levels do not lead to any short-term soil accumulation or ground water contamination.

Because some crops, such as vines and orchard crops, absorb little N and P, the sewage sludge compost application rate must be calculated according to the crop nutrient requirements. This low rate (2 Mg ha-1 compost for vineyards) may increase soil organic matter in the long run without harming the environment. However, if the purpose of the amendment is a rapid and significant increase in organic matter, then a low nutrient organic material should be used.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We gratefully acknowledge the Conseil Général and Conseil Régional PACA for its financial support, and Mr. Brown (Alpha Langues, Marseille) for the English corrections.


   NOTES
TOP
 NOTES
ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Sponsoring organizations: Conseil Général and Conseil Régional Provence-Alpes-Côtes d'Azur.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Waste Manag ResHome page
P. Alvarenga, A. P. Goncalves, R. M. Fernandes, A. de Varennes, E. Duarte, A. C. Cunha-Queda, and G. Vallini
Reclamation of a mine contaminated soil using biologically reactive organic matrices
Waste Management Research, March 1, 2009; 27(2): 101 - 111.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Enol. Vitic.Home page
R. Morlat and R. Chaussod
Long-term Additions of Organic Amendments in a Loire Valley Vineyard. I. Effects on Properties of a Calcareous Sandy Soil
Am. J. Enol. Vitic., December 1, 2008; 59(4): 353 - 363.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Soil Sci.Home page
M. Larcheveque, V. Baldy, N. Montes, C. Fernandez, G. Bonin, and C. Ballini
Short-term Effects of Sewage-Sludge Compost on a Degraded Mediterranean Soil
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., May 23, 2006; 70(4): 1178 - 1188.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Figures Only
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (19)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Korboulewsky, N.
Right arrow Articles by Bonin, G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Korboulewsky, N.
Right arrow Articles by Bonin, G.
GeoRef
Right arrow GeoRef Citation
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Korboulewsky, N.
Right arrow Articles by Bonin, G.
Related Collections
Right arrow Water Management
Right arrow Soil Organic Matter
Right arrow Ecological Risk Assessment
Right arrow Nutrient Management
Right arrow Soil Pollution

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
The SCI Journals Agronomy Journal Crop Science
Journal of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences Education		 Vadose Zone Journal
Soil Science Society of America Journal Journal of Plant Registrations The Plant Genome