Fig. 4. Average root length for wild mustard seedlings exposed to the four cinnamic acid derivatives at 0.25 mmol L^-1 concentration and deionized–distilled water (DI-H₂O) control solutions with and without exposure to soil. CTL = DI-H₂O control; 4-OH = 4-hydroxycinnamic acid; 2-OH = 2-hydroxycinnamic acid; 3-CH₃O-4-OH = 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid; and 3,4-DiOH = 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid.

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