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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Gobs of Fly Ash Neutralize Gob Piles

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

W.L. Daniels (wdaniels@vt.edu)

Evaluation of Leachates from Coal Refuse Blended with Fly Ash at Different Rates. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1382–1391.

	"Non-Discharge" Swine Farms Discharge Nitrate

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Intensive swine farms in North Carolina are classified as non-discharge systems, and swine waste is purportedly land-applied at agronomic rates for N. Minimum allowable riparian buffers about 8 to 10 m wide are intended to prevent offsite nitrate migration. However, natural-abundance ¹⁵N measurements of swine waste lagoons, wells in sprayfields, and nearby streams showed otherwise in a report by Karr et al. The isotopic signal of swine waste N was conserved during ground water transport, discharge to streams, and during offsite stream transport >1 km. Denitrification in narrow buffers was limited to the upper few feet of the shallow aquifer, allowing discharge of ground water with very high nitrate levels. Median ¹⁵N values of lagoons, wells, and affected streams were identical over the course of about 18 months.

J. Karr (karr@duke.edu)

Tracing Nitrate Transport and Environmental Impact from Intensive Swine Farming using Delta Nitrogen-15. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1163–1175.

	Novel Extraction Procedure for Metal Fractionation

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Batch procedures are usually used to separate metals from solid materials. Sequential extraction is used to separate metals from into fractions of varying mobility in the environment and bioavailability to living organisms. Shiowatana et al. now describe a continuous-flow extraction system that is convenient, rapid, and less vulnerable to changing extraction conditions than previous methods. The new procedure also provides other useful information such as elemental association in different solid phases within the sample tested.

J. Shiowatana (scysw@mahidol.ac.th)

A Novel Continuous-Flow Sequential Extraction Procedure for Metal Speciation in Solids. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1195–1205.

	Sustainability Issues in Irrigation

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Water movement and storage in the soil are important aspects of environmental impact studies of irrigation projects. Manoliadis now describes an analysis of irrigation management using sustainability-related criteria such as water conservation and satisfactory production and income for farmers. The study indicates a trade-off between conservation of water and system sustainability in terms of yield and income distribution. Environmental indices were computed from data on soil moisture content at the root zone and irrigation water delivered to crops. The variation of the corresponding indices in time and space was high—up to 13% of water delivered to crops, 82% of yield loss, and 84% of economic return.

O. Manoliadis (omano@tee.gr)

Analysis of Irrigation Systems Using Sustainability-Related Criteria. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1150–1153.

	Immobilization of Cesium and Uranium in Contaminated Sediments

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
The use of in situ chemical stabilizing agents to reduce contaminant migration and bioavailability is an attractive alternative to conventional excavation and long-term storage of soils and sediments. Seaman et al. evaluated hydroxyapatite, illitic clays, and zeolites as in situ immobilizing agents for ¹³⁷Cs and U in highly weathered soils and sediments from the southeastern USA. Hydroxyapatite reduced U solubility, presumably due to the formation of secondary phosphate precipitates. Illite and zeolite were only moderately effective in reducing Cs mobility because much of the Cs was already strongly bound to the native illitic clays.

J. Seaman (seaman@srel.edu)

Immobilization of Cesium-137 and Uranium in Contaminated Sediments Using Soil Amendments. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1206–1213.

	The Dope on Soap in Soil

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are the major surfactants in soap. Consequently, relatively high concentrations of LAS occur in sewage sludge used in agriculture as a fertilizer and an organic amendment to improve physical and chemical soil properties. Mortensen et al. grew barley, rape, and carrot on a sandy soil amended with different rates of sewage sludge and found no plant uptake of LAS above the detection limit. Plant growth stimulated the degradation of LAS in the soil. Over a 30-day growth period LAS concentrations in soil dropped from 27 to 1.4 mg/kg (dry wt.) where rape was grown, but decreased to only 2.4 mg/kg in plant-free pots.

G.K. Mortensen

(gerda.krog.mortensen@risoe.dk)

Influence of Plant Growth on Degradation of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate in Sludge-Amended Soil. J. Environ. Qual. 1266–1270.

	Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic Sediment

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Atrazine and metolachlor are widely used herbicides that can move and end up in anaerobic wetland sediment. Seybold et al. report that both herbicides are degraded in highly reducing conditions. Hydroxyatrazine was the major atrazine metabolite detected. The two commonly found metolachlor metabolites, ethanesulfonic acid and oxanilic acid, were insignificant under anaerobic conditions. However, if present, hydroxyatrazine, ethanesulfonic acid, and oxanilic acid can persist in anaerobic and highly reducing conditions.

W. Mersie (wmersie@vsu.edu)

Anaerobic Degradation of Atrazine and Metolachlor and Metabolite Formation in Wetland Soil and Water Microcosms. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1271–1277.

	Turn Trash into Cash

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Large quantities of construction and demolition wastes (CDW) have accumulated in Taiwan from damaged buildings near the epicenter of the catastrophic 1999 earthquake. Chang et al. studied the use of incineration facilities for burning the combustible portion of CDW (CCDW) to recover part of the heat sources and combustion ash for economic uses. Kinetic parameters for oxidation of CCDW were calculated using thermal gravimetric analysis at different temperatures and heating rates. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to monitor the flue gas during the oxidation of CCDW. This information is being used to design a resources recovery program.

Ni-Bin Chang

(A1211@mail.ncku.edu.tw)

Oxidation Kinetics of the Combustible Fraction of Construction and Demolition Wastes. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1392–1401.

	Overburden Properties Predict Minesoil Properties

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Surface-mined lands must be returned to a condition that is equal or more productive than the original soil. Selected chemical and physical properties of the overburden column are commonly evaluated before mining and used to predict postmine soil properties and to plan reclamation. Textural analysis and cation exchange properties of overburden materials that may be used to reclaim the site are critical in the preliminary evaluation of potential minesoil properties. Stewart and Hossner now report that methods commonly used by soil scientists to determine texture and cation exchange properties may have to be altered to provide an accurate evaluation of geologic samples.

L.R. Hossner (l-hossner@tamu.edu)

Factors Affecting the Ratio of Cation Exchange Capacity to Clay Content in Lignite Overburden. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1143–1149.

	Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable Lead

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Phosphorus (P) amendment has been proposed as a remediation option for communities with lead (Pb)-contaminated soils. Hettiarachchi et al. now report that the addition of P provides up to 37% reduction in bioavailable Pb based on a physiologically based extraction test compared with unamended controls. Results suggest that P addition reduces bioavailable Pb and has potential for in situ remediation of Pb-contaminated soils. They used a bioaccessibility test that mimics the human digestive system to examine Pb availability in five metal-contaminated soils–mine wastes to which different sources of P were added.

G.M. Hettiarachchi

(hettiarachchi.ganga@epa.gov)

In Situ Stabilization of Soil Lead Using Phosphorus. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1214–1221.

	Of Rock, Heavy Metal, and Exposure

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Transmission of Cd through the food chain via plant uptake, and exposure to Pb through ingestion of contaminated soil, are important human exposure pathways. Basta et al. describe an inexpensive and very effective alternate remediation technology that uses municipal biosolids or rock phosphate to treat heavy metal–contaminated soil. Alkaline organic treatments decrease Cd transmission through the food chain pathway, whereas rock phosphate decreases exposure to Pb via the soil ingestion pathway. Alkaline organic treatments can reduce human exposure to Cd and Pb from eroded soil by reducing Zn phytotoxicity and by revegetating contaminated sites.

N. Basta (ntb@mail.pss.okstate.edu)

Chemical Immobilization of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Smelter-Contaminated Soils Using Biosolids and Rock Phosphate. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1222–1230.

	Fly Ash and Limestone Neutralize Mine Spoil

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Seoane and Leiros have used fly ash and agricultural limestone to neutralize acidity produced by the abundant overburden material produced during open-cast mining of lignite. They report that the principal acidification processes were oxidation of sulfide and formation of hydroxysulfate (FeOHSO₄), whereas the main neutralization processes were weathering of aluminosilicates in fly ash–treated samples and dissolution of calcium carbonate in limestone-treated samples. The experiment was carried out with soil moisture maintained at field capacity or alternate cycles of wetting–drying.

S. Seoane (seoane@lugo.usc.es)

Acidification–Neutralization Processes in a Lignite Mine Spoil Amended with Fly Ash or Limestone. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1420–1431.

	Vegetation Alters Soil Particle Retention Efficiency

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Small constructed wetlands are like the jars of Zarephath (1 Kings 17:16) concerning topsoil from arable land—they will never be empty. According to a report by Braskerud, vegetation increases sediment retention in constructed wetlands by decreasing the resuspension of captured sediment even though the hydraulic loads may be very high. As vegetation cover increases, hydraulic load and sediment load have a greater impact on retention performance than does the vegetation. Vegetation increases the hydraulic efficiency; hence, the retention of soil particles is stimulated.

B.C. Braskerud

(bent.braskerud@jordforsk.no)

The Influence of Vegetation on Sedimentation and Resuspension of Soil Particles in Small Constructed Wetlands. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1447–1457.

	Tracking the Flow of Turf Herbicides

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Dicamba herbicide is commonly used to kill weeds in lawns. Roy et al. now report dicamba concentrations >1 mg/L in soil water. They used field lysimeters, a laboratory degradation study, and the pesticide-leaching model EXPRES to study the fate of dicamba applied to turfgrass. Although drying of the soil during the summer prevented deep transport, increased infiltration in late autumn resulted in greater leaching. The degradation rate for dicamba in thatch was 5.9 to 8.4 times greater than for soil, with a calculated half-life as brief as 5.5 days. In general, EXPRES predictions were similar to observed concentration profiles, with differences probably due to minor inaccuracies in the water-flow simulation and the model's inability to modify dicamba degradation rates with changing climatic conditions.

G. Parkin (gparkin@lrs.uoguelph.ca)

Seasonal Leaching and Biodegradation of Dicamba in Turfgrass. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1360–1370.

	Constructed Wetlands Remove Wastewater Metals

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Cattail-dominated wetlands can remove >95% of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co) from coal combustion by-product leachate. In a 2-year field study, Ye et al. tested the effectiveness of a constructed wetland at Springdale, PA, for the treatment of metal-contaminated wastewater. The results showed that the metal removal efficiency remained consistent throughout the year. Most of the metal removed by the wetland was immobilized in sediment, with a small proportion of the metals accumulating in cattail shoots and litter, as well as in submerged macroalgae.

N. Terry

(nterry@nature.berkeley.edu)

Removal and Distribution of Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, and Nickel within a Pennsylvania Constructed Wetland Treating Coal Combustion By-Product Leachate. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1464–1473.

	Ag Phosphorus in the Everglades

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
The Florida Everglades have experienced significant ecological changes resulting from human manipulation of hydrology, nutrient loading, and fire. DeBusk et al. now report that a "front" of soil phosphorus (P) enrichment has advanced from the highly P-enriched northern fringe of Water Conservation Area 2A into the relatively undisturbed interior marsh. This conservation area in the northern Everglades has been a focal point for the study of ecological effects of nutrient loading, primarily due to P transport in runoff from the nearby Everglades Agricultural Area. The authors evaluated changes in the spatial extent and patterns of elevated soil P concentration during the period 1990–1998 to demonstrate that the extent of soil P enrichment increased significantly during the 1990s.

W.F. DeBusk (wfd@mail.ifas.ufl.edu)

Spatio–Temporal Patterns of Soil Phosphorus Enrichment in Everglades Water Conservation Area 2A. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1438–1446.

	A Pivotal Study on Nitrate Leaching

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Nitrate leaching is very difficult to control from well-drained soils cropped to irrigated corn. Spalding et al. now report that careful and uniform applications of water and nitrogen fertilizer through center-pivot systems can dramatically reduce nitrate transport to the shallow ground water, compared with furrow irrigation systems. They used extensive ground water instrumentation and a sophisticated water-dating technique to evaluate the effectiveness of off-the-shelf irrigation technologies in reducing leaching.

R.F. Spalding (rspalding1@unl.edu)

Controlling Nitrate Leaching in Irrigated Agriculture. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1184–1194.

	Coal Combustion Products as Constructed Wetland Liners

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
Various products have been used as liners for constructed wetlands, including clays and synthetic materials. Ahn and Mitsch now describe studies using a recycled coal combustion product as a liner. Arsenic, Ca, and pH were higher in the surface soil of flue gas desulfurization–lined mesocosms relative to unlined mesocosms. Higher pH, conductivity, and concentrations of Al, B, Ca, K, and S (SO₄–S) were observed in the leachate from lined mesocosms compared with unlined controls. Initially high pH and soluble salt concentrations measured in the leachate from the lined mesocosms may indicate the reason for relatively lower growth of wetland vegetation.

W.J. Mitsch (mitsch.1@osu.edu)

Chemical Analysis of Soil and Leachate from Experimental Wetland Mesocosms Lined with Coal Combustion Products. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1457–1463.

	Pesticide Movement with Effluent Is a Complex Matter

TOP Gobs of Fly Ash... "Non-Discharge" Swine Farms... Novel Extraction Procedure for... Sustainability Issues in... Immobilization of Cesium and... The Dope on Soap... Herbicides Degrade in Anaerobic... Turn Trash into Cash Overburden Properties Predict... Phosphorus Limits Bioavailable... Of Rock, Heavy Metal,... Fly Ash and Limestone... Vegetation Alters Soil Particle... Tracking the Flow of... Constructed Wetlands Remove... Ag Phosphorus in the... A Pivotal Study on... Coal Combustion Products as... Pesticide Movement with Effluent... Salinity from Coal Mining... Most Nitrogen Applied to... Unraveling Phosphorus Export... Desulfurization By-Product... Sampling Manure for Accurate... Phosphorus Sorption in Estuarine... Organics in Remote Lakes Protein Index Predicts Nitrogen... Natural Systems Cut Nitrogen... Wood Ash Fertilizer Adds... Drain-Tile Nitrogen Threatens... Mulch Masks Metal Mess Water Source Related to... Solvent Transport and...

 
The potential of enhanced transport of pesticides complexed with mobile effluent-borne organic matter has not been given much consideration in decisions regarding the use of lagoon effluents for agricultural irrigation. Huang and Lee report that dissolved organic matter (DOM) from poultry, swine, and cow waste–derived lagoon effluent has a strong affinity to associate with chlorpyrifos and some affinity to sorb to soils. In the field, where soil mass/solution volume ratios are large, sorption of effluent dissolved organic matter to soils reduces the amount of chlorpyrifos associated with waterborne DOM, thus greatly reducing th