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EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

This Issue in Journal of Environmental Quality

	Reducing Agricultural Pesticide Risk

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

G.A. Surgeoner (oaft@sentex.net)

Pesticide Risk Reduction on Crops in the Province of Ontario. J. Environ. Qual.30:798–813.

	Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from Submerged Drains

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Monitoring nitrate nitrogen (NO₃–N) leaching is important to judge the effect that agricultural practices have on the quality of ground water and surface water. De Vos describes a new flow-proportional drainage water sampling method for submerged drains to monitor NO₃–N leaching. Low and high discharge rates can be measured accurately, and are automatically compensated for fluctuations in ditch-water levels. Errors of up to 43% may occur when NO₃–N concentrations in the drainage water are only measured at intervals of 30 days and when the precipitation excess is used to estimate cumulative NO₃–N leaching. Measurements of NO₃–N concentrations in ground water cannot be used to accurately estimate NO₃–N leaching in drained soils.

J.A. de Vos

(j.a.devos@alterra.wag-ur.nl)

Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from Submerged Drains. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1092–1096

	Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109 and Zinc-65 from Soil

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
The uptake of trace elements by plants is not only controlled by the plant itself but also by soil and environmental conditions. Almås and Singh now report that the addition of organic matter and the increasing temperature separately result in higher uptake of metals by ryegrass. They monitored uptake of ¹⁰⁹Cd and ⁶⁵Zn and their stable isotopes from soil by ryegrass at two temperatures and additions of organic matter. The organic matter may have increased the metal carrying capacity for soil solution by formation of dissolved metal organic complexes. However, the effect of temperature was more important because increasing temperature improved the conditions for plant growth. Since there was good consistency between the observed plat uptake and the presumably plant-available physico–chemical forms of cadmium and zinc in soil and soil solution, solid phase fractionation and speciation of metals in soil solution can provide valuable information about their bioavailability.

Å. R. Almås (asgeir.almas@ijvf.nlh.no)

Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109 and Zinc-65 at Different Temperature and Organic Matter Levels. J. Environ. Qual. 30:869–877

	Minimizing Endosulfan Transport

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Endosulfan, a pesticide that is widely used in Australia's cotton industry, is a risk to the downstream riverine environment, where it is highly toxic to aquatic organisms. Connolly and coworkers used the GLEAMS model used to evaluate management scenarios aimed at minimizing endosulfan transport from cotton fields in Queensland and New South Wales. They conclude that endosulfan transport from cotton farms can be minimized with a combination of field management that reduces excess irrigation and concentration of pesticide on the soil. However, discharges will still occur in storm events, with endosulfan concentrations exceeding guideline values.

R. Connolly (connolr@dnr.qld.gov.au)

Simulating Endosulfan Transport in Runoff from Cotton Fields in Australia with the GLEAMS Model. J. Environ. Qual. 30:702–713

	Spray, Vapor, and Runoff Transport Endosulfan from Farms to Rivers

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Endosulfan has been detected in significant concentrations in rivers in the irrigated cotton-growing areas of northern New South Wales, Australia. This has been attributed to a variety of airborne and waterborne transport pathways. Raupach et al. describe an integrated modeling approach to assess the absolute and relative contributions to riverine endosulfan concentrations of three airborne pathways (spray drift, vapor transport, and dust transport) and a waterborne pathway (surface runoff). They used an averaging process to calculate regional-scale effects. Results show that spray drift, vapor transport, and runoff are all significant pathways, but dust transport is insignificant. Spray drift and vapor transport both contribute low-level but nearly continuous inputs to the riverine endosulfan load during spraying season, whereas runoff provides occasional but higher inputs. A companion paper shows that the model findings are in broad agreement with typical riverine endosulfan concentrations in two rivers, and are further supported by process tests with field and laboratory data.

M.R. Raupach

(Michael.Raupach@cbr.clw.csiro.au)

Endosulfan Transport: I. Integrative Assessment of Airborne and Waterborne Pathways. J Environ. Qual. 30:714–728

Endosulfan Transport: II. Modeling Airborne Dispersal and Deposition by Spray and Vapor. J. Environ. Qual. 30:729–740

	Endosulfan Toxicity in Water and Sediment

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
In the cotton-growing regions of Australia, concentrations of the pesticide endosulfan in river water have been correlated with decreases in population densities of mayfly nymphs and caddisfly larvae. Sorption onto and from sediment particle surfaces could influence the bioavailability of endosulfan entering rivers during storm runoff events. Leonard et al. now describe the chemical fate and toxicity of endosulfan isomers and their sulfate metabolite toward the burrowing mayfly nymph (Jappa kutera). The results suggest that endosulfan sulfate in water is more acutely toxic to riverine biota than either the parent endosulfan isomers or endosulfan compounds in contaminated sediment. Aqueous concentrations of endosulfan sulfate were relatively high and persistent.

R.V. Hyne (Hyner@epa.nsw.gov.au)

Fate and Toxicity of Endosulfan in Namoi River Water and Bottom Sediment. J. Environ. Qual. 30:750–759

	Mineral Surfaces Adsorb Pesticides

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Pesticide adsorption has primarily been investigated in soils where the organic carbon content is the main factor controlling sorption. However, adsorption of pesticides to aquifer sediments with low organic carbon content is controlled also by mineralogy, pH, cation exchange capacity, ionic strength, and surface area. Clausen et al. have determined the adsorption of pesticides to pure minerals to quantify the contributions to sorption of different constituents of aquifer solids. Detectable adsorption of anionic pesticides was only measured at pH values where positive sites were present on the mineral. Adsorption of nonionic pesticides was only measured on the investigated clay mineral. The results illustrate that the magnitude of adsorption depends on the type of pesticide, the type of mineral, and pH.

L. Clausen (igglc@pop.dtu.dk)

Adsorption of Pesticides onto Quartz, Calcite, Kaolinite, and -Alumina. J. Environ. Qual. 30:846–857

	Pros and Cons of Recycling FGD Residue as a Soil Amendment

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Abundant residues from coal combustion can have beneficial effects on crop growth. Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) residue, resulting from the removal of sulfur dioxide from waste gases, contains calcium sulfite and gypsum, and can be used to enhance water holding capacity and ameliorate surface acidity. Punshon et al. report a threefold increase in biomass of corn, soybean, cotton, and radish where FGD reside was applied at rates from 0 to 224 Mg/ha (0–100 tons/acre) on weathered Southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain soils. Surface soil pH increased from 5 to 8, and leachate salinity rose from 0.05 to 3.5 dS m^-1. Negative effects included an increase in heavy metal content (especially boron, arsenic, and selenium) of soil, plants, and leachate. These concentrations remained below maximum critical limits, but can be used to establish guidelines for safe application of this residue in the field. Results suggest moderate application rates will stimulate biomass and avoid excessive metal enrichment.

T. Punshon (punshon@srel.edu)

Effect of Flue Gas Desulfurization Residue on Plant Establishment and Soil and Leachate Quality. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1071–1080

	Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter Increases Copper Leaching Loss

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Addition of organic wastes to soil will increase dissolved organic matter content (DOM), which may affect the sorption of copper (Cu) in soils. Zhou and Wong report results of a batch equilibrium study showing that DOM of both sludge and sludge compost reduced Cu sorption markedly for a calcareous soil and to a lesser extent for acidic soil. The decrease in Cu sorption was consistently higher for DOM derived from sludge than sludge compost because of the higher hydrophobic fraction in the latter. At a pH > 6.8, the sorption of Cu decreased with the presence of DOM. Results suggest that application of C enriched organic wastes to calcareous soils contaminated with Cu might facilitate the leaching loss of Cu to surface and ground water.

J. Wong (jwcwong@hkbu.edu.hk)

Effect of Dissolved Organic Matter from Sludge and Sludge Compost on Soil Copper Sorption. J. Environ. Qual. 30:878–883

	Major Herbicides in Ground Water of the United States

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Results from sampling 2227 wells and springs in 20 major hydrologic basins across the United States from 1993 to 1995 during the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program provide clues regarding the factors that control the likelihood of detecting pesticides in ground water. Barash and coworkers report that in urban areas, detections at or above 0.01 µg/L in shallow ground water were significantly more frequent for herbicides with higher nonagricultural use nationwide. Frequencies of detection in agricultural areas were significantly higher for herbicides with greater agricultural use near the sampled sites, and greater persistence in aerobic soil. Acetochlor, an agricultural herbicide first registered for use in 1994, was detected in shallow ground water by 1995. Comparisons with results from other large-scale investigations demonstrated some of the ways in which study design may affect the frequencies of pesticide detection in ground water.

J. Barbash (jbarbash@usgs.gov)

Major Herbicides in Ground Water: Results from the National Water-Quality Assessment. J. Environ. Qual. 30:831–845

	Particulate Selenium Fluxes Dominate in Intertidal Wetlands

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Releases of refinery effluent to the San Francisco Bay have caused selenium accumulation in the estuary, including adjacent intertidal wetlands. Zawislanski et al. report that, despite elevated dissolved selenium concentrations in San Francisco Bay water, suspended particulate matter is the primary source of selenium to the wetlands. Detailed mapping of sediment selenium in two intertidal wetlands and direct measurements of deposition using sediment traps revealed an additional 20 to 25% selenium enrichment in the thickly vegetated marsh plain, probably due to in situ adsorption from overlying water and chemical reduction. In the barren tidal flat, sediment profiles indicate a minor net selenium loss at the sediment–water interface, likely due to exchange between porewater and tidal waters. These findings highlight the need for more intensive monitoring of selenium in suspended particulate matter in San Francisco Bay water and additional studies of selenium exchange in tidal flats.

P. Zawislanski

(PTZawislanski@lbl.gov)

Selenium Distribution and Fluxes in Intertidal Wetlands, San Francisco Bay, California. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1080–1091

	Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron Oxides

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
In aquifer sediments, where the organic carbon content is low, pesticides may become associated with mineral surfaces. Of the various inorganic aquifer components, clay minerals and iron oxides have the greatest potential for pesticide adsorption due to the large surface area and the functional groups of these constituents. Clausen and Fabricius report that adsorption of several nonionic pesticides on common iron oxides in aquifer sediments was insignificant, whereas adsorption of acidic pesticides was significant on all iron oxides investigated. Adsorption of the acidic pesticides was strongly dependent on pH, the electrolyte used, and the site density on the iron oxides.

L. Clausen (igglc@pop.dtu.dk)

Atrazine, Isoproturon, Mecoprop, 2,4-D, and Bentazone Adsorption onto Iron Oxides. J. Environ. Qual. 30:858–869

	Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola Connection

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Waite et al. report that as much as 30% of the lindane applied to Canadian prairie canola fields enters the atmosphere by volatilization. Volatilization of lindane from canola fields may contribute significantly to global atmospheric concentrations of this chemical. Lindane, an insecticide, is extensively used in many countries and residues have been found all over the world, including the Arctic and the Antarctic. Lindane application in Canada is primarily for the treatment of agricultural seeds before planting. Approximately 95% of the canola seed planted on 5.5 million hectares of Canadian prairie fields is treated with lindane, an estimated application of 510.4 tonnes. The authors conclude that seed treatments should be considered potential sources of atmospheric contaminants.

D. Waite (Don.Waite@ec.gc.ca)

Atmospheric Movements of Lindane (-Hexachlorocyclohexane) from Canola Fields Planted with Treated Seed. J. Environ. Qual. 30:768–775

	Herbicide Transport from Field to Watershed

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Pesticides that are widely used in vineyards in the Mediterranean region contaminate many surface and ground water bodies. Louchart et al. now show that herbicide loads decreased largely between field and watershed scales and that herbicide transport patterns from field to watershed were mainly influenced by the network of ditches. These results were obtained by monitoring the contamination of soil and runoff water by two herbicides on two fields and at the outlet of a vineyard watershed in southern France. Therefore, retarding field to stream transmission of the contaminated overland flow by encouraging infiltration in the ditches appears to be a possible way for minimizing herbicide movement to surface water.

X. Louchart

(xavier.louchart@ensam.inra.fr)

Herbicide Transport to Surface Waters at Field and Watershed Scales in a Mediterranean Vineyard Area. J. Environ. Qual. 30:982–991

	High Iron and Aluminum Biosolids Minimize Surface Water Eutrophication Risk

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Land applications of biosolids can be significant sources of phosphorus (P) to a watershed and sensitive water bodies therein. Concerns over eutrophication of surface waters in Florida threaten continued recycling of biosolids to land. However, Lu and O'Conner report that not all biosolids and soils have the same risk of P contamination because some biosolids improve P retention by augmenting the P-sorbing solids content of amended soils. Biosolids containing abundant iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) improved P retention in a poorly P-adsorbing sand, but had little effect on P sorption in a sand that already contained abundant P-sorbing solids. Increased P retention lasted 2 to 3 years in the poorly P-adsorbing sand before disappearing, and the effect was well correlated with initial increases and subsequent decreases in extractable Fe and Al concentrations in the various treatments over time. Phosphorus in biosolids containing abundant Fe and/or Al can be expected to behave as slowly available P sources and to be less subject to leaching losses than fertilizer P sources.

G.A. O'Connor (gao@ufl.edu)

Biosolids Effects on Phosphorus Retention and Release in Some Sandy Florida Soils. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1059–1063

	Rank Order Geostatistics Delineates Contaminated Soils

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
The spatial interpolation of pollutants is essential for delineating hazardous areas in contaminated soils. Juang et al. report that rank order geostatistics with standardized rank transformation is useful for the spatial interpolation of pollutants with a highly skewed distribution in contaminated soils. The method is valuable when commonly used nonlinear methods, such as logarithmic and normal scored transformation, are not suitable. Contour maps of pollutant concentrations and the probabilities of pollutant concentrations being higher than a cutoff value can be obtained using the rank order geostatistical approach. A data set of soil cadmium concentrations with great variation and high skewness in a contaminated site of Taiwan is used for illustration.

Dar-Yuan Lee

(dylee@ccms.ntu.edu.tw)

Using Rank-Order Geostatistics for Spatial Interpolation of Highly Skewed Data in a Heavy-Metal Contaminated Site. J. Environ. Qual. 30:894–903

	Management Affects Denitrification from Outdoor Pig Production

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Animal welfare considerations have stimulated the development of outdoor pig production systems. Such systems have a high potential for atmospheric losses of nitrogen in animal excreta, which are deposited at the soil surface under a wide range of climatic conditions. Petersen et al. report that denitrification accounted for 69 kg nitrogen per hectare per year, or 11% of the nitrogen surplus in the piglet production system. Along with denitrification, soil concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon were elevated around feeding sites and huts. Nitrogen use efficiency of pig production could be increased by management changes to optimize feeding, and relocation of huts and feeders to obtain a more uniform distribution of nutrients.

S.O. Petersen

(soren.o.petersen@agrsci.dk)

Denitrification Losses from Outdoor Piglet Production: Spatial and Temporal Variability. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1051–1058

	Sulfides Predict Composting Odors

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geostatistics... Management Affects... Sulfides Predict Composting... Landfarm Emissions Monitor... Biosolids-Amended Soils Adsorb... Copper a Chemical Time-Bomb? To Reduce Sediment Losses... Acid Mine Drainage Evaluation Spray Drift Causes Contamination... Biosolids Treatment Affects Soil... Pollutants have Half Lives,... Aging Does Not Affect... Agriculture Alters Methane... Pesticide Runoff from Turfgrass... Furrow Irrigation Runoff... Forests for Effluent Treatment... Lead and Zinc Naturally...

 
Odor pollution is a major problem facing mushroom compost production, and techniques are needed for evaluating the effectiveness of odor control measures. Noble et al. show that the combined concentration of hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl sulfide of mushroom composting air samples is closely correlated with their odor concentration determined by an odor panel. This relationship will enable objective, rapid, and low-cost identification of odor sources on mushroom composting sites, since the concentrations of the two sulfides can be determined with gas detector tubes. The authors also show that aeration of composting heaps and windrows reduces the odor and sulfide concentrations of the air by 87 and 92%.

R. Noble (ralph.noble@hri.ac.uk)

Olfactory Response to Mushroom Composting Emissions as a Function of Chemical Concentration. J. Environ. Qual. 30:760–767

	Landfarm Emissions Monitor Developed

TOP Reducing Agricultural Pesticide... Monitoring Nitrate Leaching from... Plant Uptake of Cadmium-109... Minimizing Endosulfan Transport Spray, Vapor, and Runoff... Endosulfan Toxicity in Water... Mineral Surfaces Adsorb... Pros and Cons of... Sludge Dissolved Organic Matter... Major Herbicides in Ground... Particulate Selenium Fluxes... Pesticides Adsorbed onto Iron... Atmospheric Lindane: The Canola... Herbicide Transport from Field... High Iron and Aluminum... Rank Order Geo