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Microbial Populations and Enzyme Activities in Soil In Situ under Transgenic Corn Expressing Cry Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis

^a Lab. of Microbial Ecology, Dep. of Biology, New York Univ., New York, NY 10003
^b Basic Science, College of Dentistry, New York Univ., New York, NY 10010
^c Dep. of Entomology, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108

View larger version (56K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Water content (%) and pH of soils of Bt and non-Bt corn. The data are expressed as the means of four replicates ± SEM. DKC46-23 (Bt) and DKC46-26 (near-isogenic non-Bt) rather than DKC46-24 (Bt) and DKC46-28 (non-Bt) corn varieties were planted in August 2003. No sweet corn (Attribute GSS-0966 and Prime Plus) was planted in August 2005 and subsequently. In 2006, Pioneer 38A26 and 38A81 were used because 38A25 was no longer in production. Only two soils from each block were analyzed in October 2006.

View larger version (71K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Numbers of total culturable aerobic bacteria (including actinomycetes) (A), gram-negative bacteria (B), chitin-utilizing organisms (C), fungi (D), and protozoa (E) in soils planted to different varieties of corn with or without the genes expressing Cry1Ab or Cry3Bb1 protein. The data are expressed as the means of four replicates ± SEM (ods, oven-dry soil). See legend to Fig. 1 for more details.

View larger version (59K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Numbers of NH4+–oxidizers (A) and NO2––oxidizers (B) in soils planted to different varieties of corn with or without the genes expressing Cry1Ab or Cry3Bb1 protein. The data are expressed as the means of four replicates ± SEM (ods, oven-dry soil). See legend to Fig. 1 for more details.

View larger version (62K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Numbers of NO3––reducers (A) and denitrifyers (B) in soils planted to different varieties of corn with or without the genes expressing Cry1Ab or Cry3Bb1 protein. The data are expressed as the means of four replicates ± SEM (ods, oven-dry soil). See legend to Fig. 1 for more details.

View larger version (97K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis band profiles of PCR-amplified bacterial 16S rDNA gene fragments from the total genomic DNA of the soils of Bt and non-Bt corn collected in October 2006 (lanes 8, 4, 7, 13, 11, 9, 1, 3, 19, 26, 17, 23, 27, 30, 29, and 25 are Bt soils; lanes 14, 15, 6, 5, 2, 16, 12, 10, 21, 20, 22, 18, 28, 24, 32, and 31 are non-Bt soils; lanes M1 and M2 are markers).

View larger version (42K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Standard graphs generated by the Diversity Database software for comparison of the relative distributions and the intensity profiles of representative lanes from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis images of DNA extracted from soils of Bt (Bt+) and non-Bt (Bt-) corn collected in August 2004, April 2005, November 2005, and October 2006.

View larger version (66K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Activity of arylsulfatases (A), acid phosphatases (B), alkaline phosphatases (C), dehydrogenases (D), and proteases (E) in soils planted to different varieties of corn with or without the genes expressing Cry1Ab or Cry3Bb1 protein. The data are expressed as the means of four replicates ± SEMs (ods, oven-dry soil). See legend to Fig. 1 for more details.