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Evaluation of Fumigation and Surface Seal Methods on Fumigant Emissions in an Orchard Replant Field

^a Water Management Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, USDA-ARS, Parlier, CA 93648
^b Water Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, 80526-8119
^c National Program Staff, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705-5139

View larger version (32K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Effects of application methods and surface seal treatments on emission flux of (a) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and (b) chloropicrin (CP) from Telone C35 (shank-injection) and InLine (drip-irrigation) applications. Error bars are SD of duplicate measurements. HDPE, high-density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Cumulative emission of (a) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and (b) chloropicrin (CP) from surface seal treatments. Plotted data are averages of duplicate measurements with cumulative SD listed in Table 2. HDPE, high-density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.

View larger version (44K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Distribution of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in the soil-gas phase after fumigation under various surface treatments. Sampling was located (a) adjacent to fumigant injection line or (b) between injection lines. HDPE, high-density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Residual fumigants (a) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and (b) chloropicrin (CP) extracted from soil samples collected 14 d after fumigation. Horizontal bars are the SD of duplicate measurements. HDPE, high-density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Soil water content measured 2 wk after fumigation under various surface treatments. Horizontal bars are the SD of duplicate measurements. HDPE, high-density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. One-day soil temperature measurements at 10 cm depth during fumigant emission monitoring period. Horizontal bars are the SD of duplicate measurements. HDPE, high-density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.