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Season and Bedding Impacts on Ammonia Emissions from Tie-stall Dairy Barns

^a USDA-ARS U.S. Dairy Forage Resh. Center, Madison, WI 53706
^b Inst. of Grassland and Environmental Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Configuration of tie-stall ammonia emission chambers (Powell et al., 2007)

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Relationship between manure pH and ammonia emission from tie-stall chambers during the fall trial. Solid line indicates manure solids; dashed line indicates straw.

View larger version (9K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Relationship between feed-N intake and ammonia emissions during the fall ammonia emission trial.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Ammonia emission rates (g heifer–1 d–1). Present study compared with published studies. Footnoted references: (1) Compiled from literature review of Monteny and Erisman (1998), dairy cow type not provided. (2) Measured from cement barn floor and reported for 450 kg dairy cow by Amon et al. (2001). (3) Manure (including straw) and reported for 500 kg dairy cow by Demmers et al., 1998. (4) Compiled from literature review by Anderson et al.(2003) and reported as kg cow–1 yr–1. (5) Simulations by Rotz and Oenema, 2006 and revised by Rotz (personnal communication, 22 Jan. 2007). (6) Hourly emissions reported by Pedersen (2006) scaled to daily emissions. (7) Simulations by Pinder et al. (2004). (8) Monthly emissions reported Hutchings et al. (2001) scaled to daily emissions.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Ammonia emission rates from barn floors (g m2 d–1): present study compared with published studies. Footnoted references: (1) Measured from concrete barnyards by Misselbrook et al. (1998). (2) Measured from concrete outside feed areas by Misselbrook et al. (2001). (3) Hourly measurements reported by Kroodsma et al. (1993) scaled to daily emissions. (4) Simulated hourly measurements by Swensson (2003) scaled to daily emissions. (5) Laboratory measurements of simulated barn floors by Misselbrook and Powell (2005).

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Comparisons of excreted N (a) and percent urine N (b) from the present study with calculated values for dairy heifers from referenced studies (1) Wilkerson et al. (1997), (2) Rotz (2004), (3) Nennich et al. (2005), (4) Kebreab et al. (2002), (5) Marini and Van Amburgh (2003), and (6) James et al. (1999).