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Determination of Dominant Biogeochemical Processes in a Contaminated Aquifer-Wetland System Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis

^a Texas A&M Univ., 3115 TAMU College Station, Texas 77843
^b USGS, 431 National Center, Reston, Virginia 20192
^c USGS, 430 National Center, Reston, Virginia 20192

View larger version (55K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Map of the Norman Landfill site in Oklahoma, U.S., showing the sample location and water table elevations indicated by contour lines collected in 1998 by Scholl and Christenson (1998). Star symbol marks approximate location of USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) well SI 102. Coordinates projected in UTM, zone 14 N, datum NAD 1983.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (a) Water levels recorded for the 3 yr period when the samples were collected. (b) Average monthly precipitation data collected from March through September during 2003, 2004, and 2005. Data obtained from USGS Water Resources of Oklahoma (2007).

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Cross-sectional view of the Norman Landfill along section A-A' (as shown in Fig. 1) and larger cross-sectional view of the wetland's conceptual model. The leachate plume and recharge zones are drawn on the basis of chemical measurements made in the aquifer between 1997 and 2002 (from Scholl et al., 2005).

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Location of peeper deployment (all near USGS well SI 102, see Fig. 1). Exact peeper location in May 2005 was not surveyed but was deployed near P-Sept-05. Coordinates projected in UTM, zone 14 N, datum NAD 1983, vertical datum GEOID 99.

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Spearman's Rho correlation analysis for correlations with a probability less than 0.0001 for all the sampling periods.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Variability chart of factor scores by sampling date and depth. Factor scores were computed from the principal component analysis (PCA) results in Tables 1–2. The bars indicate the range in the factor scores data, the connecting lines indicate the mean for each depth interval, and the dashed line represents the true mean (0). Depths are reported in cm below the sediment–water interface (0 cm).

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Variability chart of factor scores by sampling date and depth excluding May 2003. Factor scores were computed from the PCA results shown in Table 3. The bars indicate the range in the factor scores data, the connecting lines indicate the mean for each depth interval, and the dashed line represents the true mean (0). Depths are reported in cm below the sediment–water interface (0 cm).

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Variability chart of factor scores by sampling date and depth of six factors obtained from the PCA including only data for 2005 (Table 4). The bars indicate the range in the factor scores data, the connecting lines indicate the mean for each depth interval, and the dashed line represents the true mean (0). Depths are reported in cm below the sediment–water interface (0 cm).