HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text Free Full Text (PDF) Free An erratum has been published Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Bae, T. W. Articles by Lee, H. Y. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Bae, T. W. Articles by Lee, H. Y. Agricola Articles by Bae, T. W. Articles by Lee, H. Y. Related Collections Turfgrass Ecological Risk Assessment Crop Genetics

Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered Herbicide-Tolerant Zoysia japonica

^a Faculty of Biotechnology, Cheju National Univ., Jeju 690-756, Korea
^b Dep. of Horticulture, Chungnam National Univ., Daejeon 305-764, Korea
^c Dep. of Biotechnology (BK21 Program) and Kumho Life Science Lab., Chonnam National Univ., Gwangju 500-757, Korea
^d Applied Radiological Science Research Inst., Cheju National Univ., Jeju 690-756, Korea
^e School of Environmental and Agricultural Science, Sunchon National Univ., Sunchon 540-742, Korea
^f Dep. of Clinical Pathology, Cheju Halla College, Jeju 690-708, Korea
^g School of Medicine, Cheju National Univ., Jeju 690-756, Korea
^h Dep. of Biotechnology, Dongguk Univ., Kyungju, Kyongbuk 780-714, Korea
ⁱ Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Seoul Women's Univ., Seoul 139-774, Korea

View larger version (104K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Field testing (a) and schematic illustration (b) for cross-hybridization between genetically modified (GM) and wild-type (WT) Zoysia grass at 0.5-m separation. Grass lanes, GM Zoysia grass; pots (25- cm diameter each), WT Zoysia grass.

View larger version (132K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Field testing (a) and schematic illustration (b) for cross hybridization between genetically modified (GM) and wild-type (WT) Zoysia grass according to a randomized complete block design. Black circle, GM Zoysia grass; white circle, WT Zoysia grass.

View larger version (155K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Field testing for gene flow from genetically modified (GM) to wild-type (WT) Zoysia grass within a 3-m radius. Each GM grass pot is surrounded by WT grass patches of 6 by 16 m2 area.

View larger version (101K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Field testing and schematic illustration for cross hybridization between genetically modified (GM) and wild-type (WT) Zoysia grass and it relative weed species as a function of distance. (a) GM Zoysia japonica tillers (illustrated with white circle). (b) WT grass group containing Zoysia japonica (Zj), Zoysia matrella (Zm), Zoysia sinica (Zs), Lolium perenne (Lp), and Poa pratensis (Pp). (c) Hexagonal arrangement illustrating a GM test area shown in (a); orange, 3-m radius; blue, 6-m radius; black, 9-m radius).

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Test for the potential gene flow from genetically modified (GM) grass to wild-type (WT) grasses within a 3-km radius during a 2-yr period from 2003 to 2005. The GM grass field is centrally located in the Wimi-Ri test field in Nam Jeju County. The sampling sites shown were randomly chosen where Zoysia grasses grew. The sampling site distribution is biased in the north easterly direction from the GM grass site, whereas other directions are less favorable for grass growth due to geo-topographic factors (volcanic rocks, bushy jungles, forest, etc.).

View larger version (9K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Distance dependence for gene flow from the genetically modified (GM) to wild-type (WT) Zoysia grass within 9-m radius in field. The observed data can be best fit by an exponential equation resulting from a regression analysis of the data. Bars refer to standard error.

View larger version (115K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Zoysia japonica plants are overcame by dominant weed plants under natural ecological conditions. (A) Unmanaged Zoysia and weeds habitats. (B) The Zoysia lawn after weeds were removed. (C) Weeds began to overtake Zoysia grass (1 yr without weed control). (D), (E) The same as C after 2 and 3 yr without weed control, respectively.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Average wind velocity and directions on Jeju Island during the month of May 2005. The wind directions, maximum velocities of 6.7 m/s northerly; 5.6 m/s easterly and south easterly, 8.4 m/s southerly; 4 m/s south westerly, and 5.9 m/s westerly winds. Average monthly wind velocity was 5 m/s during the flowering season and gene flow testing.