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A Whole-Farm Strategy to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Nitrogen

^a Wageningen University and Research Centre, Land Dynamics Group, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
^b Wageningen University and Research Centre, Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
^c Wageningen University and Research Centre, Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
^d Wageningen University and Research Centre, Animal Sciences Group, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
^e Wageningen University and Research Centre, Biological Farming Systems Group, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
^f Wageningen University and Research Centre, Social Sciences Group, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands
^g Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Nitrate concentrations in the groundwater measured at different locations on the Spruit farm. Average values and the European Union nitrate standard are indicated. GW, groundwater observation wells.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Ammonium concentrations in the groundwater measured at different locations on the Spruit farm. GW, groundwater observation wells.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Total nitrogen concentrations in the groundwater measured at different locations on the Spruit farm. GW, groundwater observation wells.

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Total nitrogen concentrations in surface water at different locations (symbols). The surface water quality standard and summer averages are indicated.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Total phosphorous (P) concentrations in surface water at different locations (symbols). The surface water quality standard and summer half-year averages are indicated.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Nitrogen fluxes at the Spruit dairy farm according to Scenario I (low-protein diet, use of bedding material, and aboveground spreading).