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Fungal Inoculum Properties: Extracellular Enzyme Expression and Pentachlorophenol Removal by New Zealand Trametes Species in Contaminated Field Soils

^a Environment and Risk Management Group, HortResearch, PO Box 51, Lincoln, New Zealand
^b Quality Systems, HortResearch, Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton
^c Centre for Soil and Environmental Quality, PO Box 94, Lincoln Univ., Canterbury, New Zealand

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Laccase activity from the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor HR131 and Trametes sp. HR577 after bioaugmentation at various culture ages into a 697 mg kg–1 (dry wt.) pentachlorophenol-contaminated field soil. Error bar is the 5% LSD calculated from the SED. Pooled 95% error bounds for the repeated measures ANOVA factor means (U kg–1): culture age main effect ±140; time and isolate effect ±130; culture age and isolate effect ±190.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Manganese peroxidase activity from the white-rot fungal isolates Trametes versicolor HR131 and Trametes sp. HR577 after bioaugmentation at various culture ages into a 697 mg kg–1 (dry wt.) pentachlorophenol-contaminated field soil. Pooled 95% error bounds for the means (U kg–1): culture age main effect ±52; culture age and time ±94; culture age and isolate ±74.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity form the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor HR131 after bioaugmentation at various culture ages and two fungal inoculum compositions into a 1043 mg kg–1 (dry wt.) pentachlorophenol-contaminated field soil with no co-substrate amendment. Pooled 95% error bounds for the means (U kg–1): MnP culture age main effect ±104 and wood main effect ±85; laccase culture age main effect ±22.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity from the white-rot fungus Trametes sp. HR577 after bioaugmentation with various co-substrate amendments into a 1043 mg kg–1 pentachlorophenol-contaminated field soil at a constant (50:50) co-substrate amendment to fungal inocula ratio (SAFI ratio). Pooled 95% error bounds for the means (U kg–1): MnP and laccase main effects, wood, SAFI ratio and corn grits ±30 and ±90, respectively.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity from the white-rot fungus Trametes sp. HR577 after bioaugmentation with various co-substrate amendments into a 1043 mg kg–1 pentachlorophenol-contaminated field soil at a constant (15:85) co-substrate amendment to fungal inocula ratio (SAFI ratio). Pooled 95% error bounds for the means (U kg–1): MnP and laccase main effects, wood, SAFI ratio and corn grits ±30 and ±90, respectively.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity for the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor HR131 and Trametes sp. HR577 after bioaugmentation with various fungal inoculum compositions into a 1043 mg kg–1 pentachlorophenol-contaminated field soil. Pooled 95% error bounds for the means (U kg–1): MnP isolate and formulate main effects ±18 and ±22, respectively; and laccase isolate and formulate main effects ±48 and ±57, respectively.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) removal after 7 wk by the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor HR131 and Trametes sp. HR577 after bioaugmentation into 697 and 1043 mg kg–1 (dry wt.) PCP-contaminated field soils. The latter soil (1043 mg kg–1) was supplemented with two Tween 80 conc. to enhance PCP removal. The error bar represents the 5% Fishers LSD. The 95% confidence intervals were 162 to 397 mg kg–1 PCP (pooled) at a PCP starting concentration of 697 mg kg–1, ANOVA: P = 0.015; 536 to 773 and 530 to 718 mg kg–1 PCP (pooled) for isolates HR131 and HR577, respectively, at a PCP starting conc. of 1043 mg kg–1, ANOVA: P < 0.001 for both isolates.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) removal after 7 wk by the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor HR131 and Trametes sp. HR577 after bioaugmentation with two fungal inocula compositions into a 1043 mg kg–1 (dry wt.) PCP-contaminated field soil. The 90% confidence intervals for the final PCP conc. in the different bioaugmentation treatments (mg kg–1 PCP) were 484 to 812 (HR131, F9), 173 to 515 (HR131, F8), 259 to 620 (HR577, F9), and 155 to 863 (HR577, F8). ANOVA: F9, P < 0.001; F8, P < 0.001.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) removal after 7 wk by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor HR131 after bioaugmentation with various culture ages and two fungal inoculum compositions into a 1043 mg kg–1 (dry wt.) PCP-contaminated field soil (no co-substrate amendment). The 90% confidence intervals for the final PCP concentration in the different bioaugmentation treatments (mg kg–1 PCP) were 737 to 1223 (9 d, F8), 541 to 1271 (9-d, F13), 548 to 1163 (11-d, F8), 402 to 936 (11-d, F13), 576 to 1073 (15-d, F8), and 939 to 1071 (15-d, F13). ANOVA: F13, P = 0.008; F8, P = 0.076; pooled 9-d and 11-d, F8, 785 to 1051.