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Fungal Inoculum Properties: Extracellular Enzyme Expression and Pentachlorophenol Removal in Highly Contaminated Field Soils

^a Environment and Risk Management Group, The Horticulture and Food Research Inst. of New Zealand Ltd. (HortResearch), P.O. Box 51, Lincoln, New Zealand
^b Quality Systems, HortResearch, Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
^c Centre for Soil and Environmental Quality, P.O. Box 94, Lincoln Univ., Canterbury, New Zealand. Technology New Zealand Enterprise Scholarship No LINX03008

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Laccase activity for the New Zealand white-rot fungal isolates Trametes versicolor HR131 and Trametes spp. HR577 after bioaugmentation into a 697 mg kg –1 pentachlorophenol-contaminated field soil at different SAFI ratios (substrate amendment to fungal inoculum ratio). Error bar = the 5% least LSD on the standard error of difference in the means. Pooled 95% error bounds for the ANOVA repeated measures factor means (U kg–1): SAFI ratio main effect ± 112, time and isolate, and SAFI ratio and isolate effects ± 154, and ± 159, respectively.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Laccase activity for the New Zealand white-rot fungal isolates Trametes versicolor HR131 and Trametes spp. HR577 after bioaugmentation into a clay loam soil at different SAFI ratios (substrate amendment to fungal inoculum ratio); error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals.

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) removal and pentachloroanisole accumulation (PCA) over 7 wk by the white-rot fungal isolates Trametes versicolor HR131 and Trametes sp. HR577 grown on high and (F8) low nitrogen growth (F2) substrates (C/N = 51 and 200) and inoculated into a 1065 mg kg–1 pentachlorophenol-contaminated field soil. Pooled 90% confidence intervals (7 wk, mg kg–1 dry wt.): 268–982 (PCP, F8), and 510–952 (PCP, F2); 36–45 (PCA, F8), and 10–18 (PCA, F2); 344–662 (PCP, F8, 1-wk).

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Laccase activity for the New Zealand white-rot fungal isolates Trametes versicolor HR131 and Trametes spp. HR577 after bioaugmentation into various clay loam–pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated soil mixtures. Pooled 95% error bounds for the factor means (U kg–1): PCP concentration and isolate main effects ± 203, and ± 128, respectively, time and PCP concentration effect ± 296.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Manganese peroxidase activity response for the New Zealand white-rot fungal isolates Trametes versicolor HR131 and Trametes spp. HR577 after bioaugmentation into various clay loam–pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated soil mixtures. Pooled 95% error bounds for the factor means (U kg–1): PCP concentration main effect ± 66, time and isolate, and time and PCP concentration effects ± 75, and 118, respectively.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity for isolates T. versicolor HR131 and Trametes sp. HR577 grown on high and low nitrogen growth substrates (C/N = 51:1 and 200:1) and inoculated into a 1065 mg kg–1 pentachlorophenol-contaminated field soil. Standard errors of differences (95%) for factor means (U kg–1): MnP formulate main effect, time and isolate effect, time and formulate effect ± 7, ± 15, and ± 15, respectively; laccase formulate and isolate main effects ± 29, time and isolate, and time and formulate effects ± 56, formulate and isolate effect ± 41.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Pentachlorophenol removal over 3 wk by the white-rot fungal isolates Trametes versicolor HR131 and Trametes sp. HR577 after bioaugmentation at different SAFI ratios (co-substrate amendment and fungal inocula ratio) into three pentachlorophenol-contaminated field soils. The error bars represent Fisher's least significant difference, * = significance at the 5% level, = significance at the 10% level.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Pentachlorophenol removal and pentachloroanisole (PCA) accumulation after 7 wk by the white-rot fungal isolates Trametes versicolor HR131, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (ATCC 34351 & 24725), and Phanerochaete sordida (ATCC 90628), grown on a high nitrogen growth substrate (C/N = 51:1) before bioaugmentation into 1065 mg kg–1 (dry wt.) pentachlorophenol-contaminated field soil. The 90% confidence intervals (7 wk, mg kg–1 dry wt.): P. chrysosporium (pooled), 339–777 (PCP), and 584–743 (PCA); P. sordida (not pooled), 0–781 (PCP), and 715–1034 (PCA).