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Carbon Turnover and Ammonia Emissions during Composting of Biowaste at Different Temperatures

^a Dep. of Soil Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7014, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
^b Dep. of Biometry and Engineering, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
^c Dep. of Microbiology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7025, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of the compost reactor.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Temperature in the composting material. Time = 0 when the set point temperature was changed from 37°C to 40, 55, or 67°C, respectively. Short-term temperature fluctuations in the figure were caused by decreases in temperature during turning and sampling.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Carbon dioxide emissions in Run40, Run55a, and Run67a. Time = 0 when the set point temperature was changed from 37°C to 40, 55, or 67°C, respectively.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Cumulative carbon dioxide emissions in all runs at 40, 55, and 67°C. Arrows indicate start of successive decrease in temperature set point in Run55c and 67c. Time = 0 when the set point temperature was changed from 37°C to 40, 55, or 67°C, respectively.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Decomposition of different carbon constituents in Run67a. Time = 0 when the set point temperature was changed from 37°C to 40, 55, or 67°C, respectively. Bars indicate standard deviation of triplicate samples.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Decomposition of starch, crude fat, hemicellulose, and cellulose in Run40, Run55c, and Run67a-c. Values are relative, and each fraction set to 100% at time = 0; when the set point temperature was changed from 37°C to 40, 55, or 67°C, respectively. Bars show standard deviation of triplicate samples.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Development of pH in compost material in Run40, Run55a, and Run67a. Time = 0 when the set point temperature was changed from 37°C to 40, 55, or 67°C, respectively. Bars indicate standard deviation of triplicate samples.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. The sum of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations, indicating microbial biomass, in Run40, Run55c, and Run67c. Arrows indicate the start of stepwise decrease in temperature set point in Run55c and 67c. Time = 0 when the set point temperature was changed from 37°C to 40, 55, or 67°C, respectively. Bars indicate standard deviation of triplicate samples.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Ammonia emissions during composting in Run40, Run55a, and Run67a. Thick lines represent ammonia captured in condensate, thin lines also includes ammonia left in the compost gas after condensation.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Cumulative ammonia emissions in the composting runs. Arrows indicate the start of the stepwise decrease in temperature set point in Run55c and 67c. Time = 0 when the set point temperature was changed from 37°C to 40, 55, or 67°C, respectively.