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Bacterial Community Changes during Plant Establishment at the San Pedro River Mine Tailings Site

^a Dep. of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038
^b Dep. of Animal Sciences, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038
^c Environmental Research Lab, 2601 E. Airport Drive, Tucson, AZ 85706

View larger version (93K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Photos of the study area (A) showing an aerial view of the site and the relative locations of the transplant plot area, the control site, and their proximity to the San Pedro River. The line bisecting the site from the lower left of the photo (northwest) to the mid-right (southeast) is a railroad track. Photo (B) shows a closeup of two of the 3 by 3 m plots just after having received the transplants. The inset photo is an example of a transplant.

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Average plant volumes for no compost and compost treatments at times 0, 11, and 18 mo where n = 4. Error bars represent one standard deviation.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Heterotrophic plate counts beneath transplant canopies for no compost (NC) (circle) and compost (C) (triangle) treatments and for unplanted controls (U) (square) throughout the revegetation trial. Error bars represent one standard deviation (n = 4 for treatments NC and C, n = 2 for the unplanted controls except for *n = 1, **n = 4).

View larger version (136K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA fragments from tailings treatment plots 5 mo after transplants were established. Labels on top of the gel indicate the sample identity: C, compost plot; NC, no compost plot; U, unplanted control; M, marker ladder composed of heterotrophic mine tailings isolates; and N, negative control.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Kruskal's Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (KNMDS) analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles from tailings treatment plots as a function of time. Symbols include no compost (NC) (circle), compost (C) (triangle), and unplanted control (U) (square). For each plot, solid lines delineate clusters that are significantly different from each other and dashed lines delineate clusters that show a trend but are not significantly different from each other. The 0 mo plot represents samples taken before transplants were established (stress factor = 0.013, D = 3) (D, dimension) and shows three clusters that are significantly different (p = 0.06). The 3 mo plot (stress factor = 0.026, D = 3) shows no significant clusters. The 5 mo plot (stress factor = 0.069, D = 3) shows two clusters that are significantly different from each other (p = 0.02). The 7 mo plot (stress factor = 0.071, D = 3) shows two clusters that are not significantly different (p = 0.18). The 11 mo plot (stress factor = 0.026, D = 3) shows three significantly different clusters (p = 0.01) and the 13 mo plot (stress factor = 0.023, D = 4) shows three clusters (p = 0.41).

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Kruskal's Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (KNMDS) analysis of the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profile from the compost used to germinate and grow the transplants (compost only) and the profiles from one of the no compost plots (NC1) and one of the compost plots (C1) at times 0, 3, 5, and 11 mo. The plot (stress factor = 0.021, D = 4) (D, dimension) shows two significantly different clusters (p = 0.025).