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Remediation of Heavy Metal–Contaminated Forest Soil Using Recycled Organic Matter and Native Woody Plants

^a Finnish Forest Research Inst., Vantaa Research Unit, P.O. Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
^b Finnish Forest Research Inst., Rovaniemi Research Unit, P.O. Box 16, FI-96301 Rovaniemi, Finland
^c Bioforsk Nord Holt, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, N-9292 Tromsø, Norway

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Cu and Ni (bars) and SO2 (line) emissions (t/yr) from the Harjavalta smelter from 1985 through 2005. From Outokumpu Harjavalta Metals Oy and Boliden Harjavalta.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Cumulative mortality percentages of the seedlings of (a) Betula pubescens and (b) Pinus sylvestris and cuttings of (c) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and (d) Empetrum nigrum. The death rate of the transplants was recorded every spring and autumn from 1996 through 2005. The first inventory was performed in autumn 1996. The curves have been calculated separately for mulch-covered (n = 3) and uncovered (n = 3) plots.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Average annual elongation of the shoots (bars) of (a) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and (b) Empetrum nigrum. The data consist of 3 plots x 5 plants for the two treatments (mulch-covered and uncovered plots). The reference represents 10-yr (1996–2005) average elongation measured on five natural clones per species. Standard deviation is marked. Statistically significant differences between the treatments: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 (t test). Average July temperature is marked with a line in (a).

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Exchangeable Cu and Ni concentrations in the organic soil (A) and in the mineral soil (B) in four treatments. (a) Mulch pocket with transplant; (b) mulch pocket without transplant; (c) mulch cover without pocket; and (d) untreated soil.