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Theory and Application of Landfarming to Remediate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Mineral Oil-Contaminated Sediments; Beneficial Reuse

^a Alterra/Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
^b Dep. of Environmental Technology, Wageningen Univ. and Research Centre, Bomenweg 2, HD 6703 Wageningen, The Netherlands
^c Utah State Univ., College of Engineering, Dep. of Biological & Irrigation Engineering, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The effect of dissolved organic matter (DOC in kg m–3) on the calculated distribution coefficient Kd of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment (m3 kg–1). Fraction organic matter in the sediment amounts to 0.05 kg kg–1.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Soil moisture distributions as a function of the depth below the soil surface in Petroleum Harbor sediment. Above the drains (at –1.5 m below surface) a sand drainage layer of 0.5 m is present. (A) bare sediment; (B) sediment covered with vegetation with an effective root zone of 0.2 m. The maximum supply rate from the deeper layers by capillary rise equals 0.01 m d–1, when the maximum water extraction rate has been reached.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Degradation curves measured on the landfarm Kreekraksluizen. (A) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Dutch National List) in Petroleum Harbor sediment (upper layer of vegetated sediment). Individual measurements, fitted with two exponential functions (rapid and slow degradation). Mind the logarithmic scale. (B) Mineral oil in the vegetated Petroleum Harbor landfarm (upper layer and lower layer). Presented data are the average concentration per sampling date. (C) PAHs in Geul Harbor sediment. 95% confidence values are given, fitted with two exponential functions (slow and very slow degradation).

View larger version (44K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Aeration, as calculated using the landfarm aeration model (left) and the field observations (right). Arrows connect calculated and observed situations. (A) Landfarm with roots in the upper 25 cm in the first year and roots in the upper 50 cm in the second year. Aeration as observed in the vegetated landfarm of Petroleum Harbor sediment. (B) Active cultivation in the first year and passive landfarming in the second year. Aeration as observed in the cultivated landfarm of Petroleum Harbor sediment.