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Role of Organic Matter in Microbial Transport during Irrigation with Sewage Effluent

Inst. of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, ARO, Bet Dagan 50250 Israel. A. Hass, current address, USDA-ARS, Beaver, WV 25813 USA

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Leaching of fecal coliforms (FC) from sand-packed lysimeters irrigated with oxidation pond effluent. (A) Seasonal average FC counts, and (B) recoveries are presented (vertical bars denote standard errors) in the leachate from lysimeters that were either unplanted at LF 1 (NT-1) or planted with a Eucalyptus tree and maintained at LF 0.2 (T-0.2) or intermittent leaching (T-Int.) regimes. The sand was either not amended or amended with biosolids compost (BC) at a rate equivalent to 625 Mg ha–1.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Leaching of fecal coliforms (FC) from lysimeters packed with three soils and irrigated with oxidation pond effluent. (A) Seasonal average FC counts, and (B) recoveries are presented (vertical bars denote standard errors) in the leachate from lysimeters that were either unplanted at LF 1 (NT-1) or planted with a Eucalyptus tree and maintained at LF 0.2 (T-0.2).

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Leaching of fecal streptococci (FS) from sand-packed lysimeters irrigated with oxidation pond effluent. (A) Seasonal average FS counts, and (B) recoveries are presented (vertical bars denote standard errors) in the leachate from lysimeters that were either unplanted at LF 1 (NT-1) or planted with a Eucalyptus tree and maintained at LF 0.2 (T-0.2) or intermittent leaching (T-Int.) regimes. The sand was either not amended or amended with biosolids compost (BC) at a rate equivalent to 625 Mg ha–1.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Leaching of fecal streptococci (FS) from lysimeters packed with three soils and irrigated with oxidation pond effluent. (A) Seasonal average FC counts, and (B) recoveries are presented (vertical bars denote standard errors) in the leachate from lysimeters that were either unplanted at LF 1 (NT-1) or planted with a Eucalyptus tree and maintained at LF 0.2 (T-0.2).

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Concentration of fecal coliforms in the leachate from sand-packed, oxidation pond effluent (OPE)-irrigated lysimeters in relation to the daily irrigation rate and daily OC loads. Data are presented for (A) unplanted lysimeters and (B) lysimeters planted with a Eucalyptus tree. The two sets of unplanted lysimeters received the same amounts of effluent as their planted counterparts (at LF 0.2 and at intermittent leaching regimes).

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Concentration of fecal coliforms (FC) in leachate from the oxidation pond effluent (OPE)-irrigated lysimeters in relation to organic carbon (OC) concentration in the leachate. Data are from all sand- and soil-packed, unplanted (at LF 1), and Eucalyptus planted lysimeters (at LF 0.2 and intermittent leaching), and from all the sampling events where both FC and OC data were available.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Concentrations of fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) in leachate from the oxidation pond effluent (OPE)-irrigated lysimeters in relation to the carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) concentration in the leachate. Data are from all sand- and soil-packed, unplanted (at LF 1), and Eucalyptus planted lysimeters (at LF 0.2 and intermittent leaching), and from all the sampling events where both bacteria (FC and/or FS) and CBOD data were available.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Concentrations of fecal coliforms (FC) in leachate from the oxidation pond effluent (OPE)-irrigated lysimeters in relation to Cl– concentration in the leachate. Data are from all sand- and soil-packed, unplanted (at LF 1), and Eucalyptus planted lysimeters (at LF 0.2 and intermittent leaching), and from all the sampling events where both FC and Cl– data were available.