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Potentially Toxic Elements Contamination in Urban Soils

A Comparison of Three European Cities

M. Biasioli^a,*, H. Grman^b, T. Kralj^b, F. Madrid^c, E. Díaz-Barrientos^c and F. Ajmone-Marsan^a

^a DI.VA.P.R.A., Chimica Agraria, Università di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
^b Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniska fakulteta, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
^c Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (CSIC), Apartado 1052, 41080, Sevilla, Spain

View larger version (95K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Sampling locations in the three cities.

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Particle size distribution (PSD) for all the samples.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Boxplots of the potentially toxic elements (PTE) contents (mg kg–1) in the three cities. Boxes represent interquartile ranges (IQR) and stars are outliers, calculated as the values below Q1–1.5·IQR and above Q3+1.5·IQR. Whiskers are range excluding outliers. Medians are marked in each box with a line, means with a dot.

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Dendrogram for potentially toxic elements (PTE), pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon (OC), clay, and sand in all samples.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Boxplots of the potentially toxic elements (PTE) contents (mg kg–1) in the three cities according to land uses. Boxes represent interquartile ranges (IQR) and stars are outliers, calculated as the values below Q1–1.5·IQR and above Q3+1.5·IQR. Whiskers are range excluding outliers. Medians are marked in each box with a line, means with a dot. Numbers are median values.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Scatter of the sampling points on the plane of the first two principal components of the principal component analysis (PCA) after Varimax rotation. LJU, Ljubljana; SEV, Sevilla; TOR, Torino.