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Time-Dependent Distribution of Surface-Applied Radionuclides and their Recovery in Maize during the Growing Season

^a Plant Nutrition, Institute of Plant Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau (ZH) Switzerland
^b Soil Physics, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Plot design. (A) Overview of the layout in the field experiment. x = plants; gray rectangles = inner areas, traced with radionuclides and dyes; white areas = buffer area to minimize edge effects; black rectangles = instrumented trench close to the maize row (maize soil) and 50 cm from the experimental plots (vegetation-free soil); (B) sampling scheme in the inner areas.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Diagram of the daily rainfall intensity (mm d–1) measured during the plant growing season.

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Volumetric water contents and matric potentials measured at different soil depths and at 5 and 40 cm from the maize row (as indicated in Fig. 1). The measurements were performed during the entire growing season.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Growth stage: pollen shed. Activities of 54Mn, 65Zn, 57Co, and 134Cs measured in the unstained soil matrix, in the stained preferential flow paths, and in the 2-cm fringe just outside the stained flow paths. Samples were taken at harvest time when plants reached pollen shed. Means and standard errors are given. The symbols *, **, and *** indicate significance at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively; NS is not significant at the 0.05 probability level and ND is not detectable.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Growth stage: maturity. Activities of 54Mn, 65Zn, 57Co, and 134Cs measured in the unstained soil matrix, in the stained preferential flow paths, and in the 2-cm fringe just outside the stained flow paths. Samples were taken at harvest time when plants reached maturity. Means and standard errors are given. The symbols *, **, and *** indicate significance at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively; while NS is not significant at the 0.05 probability level and ND is not detectable.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Growth stage: pollen shed. Relation between brilliant blue and the concentration of radionuclides in the three soil compartments: preferential flow paths; 2-cm fringe just outside the stained flow path areas; soil matrix; each point represents the average of the soil samples taken on horizontal profiles at 15-, 18-, 20-, 35-, 38-, and 40-cm depth. Samples were taken at harvest time when plants reached pollen shed. r denotes the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Growth stage: maturity. Relation between brilliant blue FCF and the concentration of radionuclides in the three soil compartments analyzed: preferential flow paths; 2-cm fringe just outside the stained flow path areas; soil matrix; each point represents the average of the soil samples taken on horizontal profiles at 15-, 18-, 20-, 35-, 38-, and 40-cm depth. Samples were taken at harvest time when plant reached maturity. r denotes the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Growth stage: pollen shed. Superimposed maps of root occurrence (black open circles) and fluorescence images of the distribution and concentration of the surface-applied fluorescent tracer (acid yellow 7). Horizontal profiles were cut at soil depths of 15, 18, 20, 35, 38, and 40 cm. Plants were at the pollen shed.

View larger version (53K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Growth stage: maturity. Superimposed maps of root occurrence (black open circles) and fluorescence images of the distribution and concentration of the surface-applied fluorescent tracer (acid yellow 7). Horizontal profiles were cut at soil depths of 15, 18, 20, 35, 38, and 40 cm. Plants were at maturity.