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Use of Ecosystem Information to Improve Soil Organic Carbon Mapping of a Mediterranean Island

^a Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi CNR-ISE, Via Madonna del Piano, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
^b Istituto di Biometereologia IBIMET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Ecosystems map of Pianosa with superimposed sampling points of first stage (n = 114) and second stage (n = 50). The classes correspond to the following seven ecosystems: HOW, holm-oak wood; NMM, natural Mediterranean Macchia; ROM, reinvaded olive orchard by Macchia; PW, pinewood; PPL, permanent pasture land; AAF, arable fields; VMR, villages, manufactories, roads and rocks.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. False color composite of the Landsat TM images used in the study (RGB = Bands 5, 4, 3). Vegetated surfaces, which are more reflective in Band 4, appear in green, while poorly vegetated or bare surfaces, which are almost uniformly reflective in all three bands, appear in different gray tones.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. qq-plot of the residuals of the ANOVA analysis for soil organic carbon (OC) using (a) all samples (n = 164), (b) only samples with OC < 70 g kg–1, and (c) all samples for the C/N ratio.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Experimental semi-variances found using the original soil organic carbon (OC) values (squares) and the residuals of these from the ecosystem stratification (triangles), with fitted exponential semi-variograms (r and RMSE indicate the agreement between experimental and fitted semi-variances).

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Correlations (r) found between soil organic carbon (OC) and digital counts of the six Thematic Mapper (TM) reflective bands. Bands 1, 2, and 3 correspond to blue, green and red, respectively, Band 4 to near infrared, and Bands 5 and 7 to middle infrared.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Soil organic carbon (OC) maps of Pianosa Island obtained by the three extension methods considered: (a) kriging, (b) kriging of ecosystem residuals, and (c) locally calibrated regressions.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. (a) Correlation coefficient (r) and (b) root mean square errors (RMSE) obtained by applying the three extension methods with different sampling densities (D250, D500, D750, and D1000 correspond to average densities of 1 point every 250 x 250, 500 x 500, 750 x 750, and 1000 x 1000 m2, respectively). All trials were performed by a jackknifing approach. All correlations higher than 0.180 are highly significant (P < 0.01).