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Surface Seals Reduce 1,3-Dichloropropene and Chloropicrin Emissions in Field Tests

^a USDA-ARS, Water Management Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
^b USDA-ARS, Water Management Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO, 80526-8119

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Effects of surface seal treatment ([a] water seals; [b] plastic tarps) on emission flux of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) after shank injection of Telone C35 in a field trial. Error bars are the standard error of the mean (n = 3). Dashed lines indicate uncertainty when no measurements were made. HDPE, high density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effects of surface seal treatment ([a] water seals; [b] plastic tarps) on emission flux of chloropicrin (CP) after shank injection of Telone C35 in a field trial. Error bars are the standard error of the mean (n = 3). Dashed lines indicate uncertainty when no measurements were made. HDPE, high density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Comparison of surface seal treatments on cumulative emissions of (a) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and (b) chloropicrin (CP) after shank injection of Telone C35 in a field trial. HDPE, high density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Distribution of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in soil gas phase after shank injection of Telone C35 under various surface treatments. Sampling was located (a) adjacent to fumigant injection line, or (b) between injection lines. HDPE, high density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Chloropicrin (CP) distribution in soil gas phase after shank injection of Telone C35 under various surface treatments. Sampling was located (a) adjacent to fumigant injection line, or (b) between injection lines. HDPE, high density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) extracted from soil samples collected 9 d after field applications of Telone C35. Horizontal bars are the standard error of the mean (n = 3). HDPE, high density polyethylene; VIF, virtually impermeable film.