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Emission of the Greenhouse Gases Nitrous Oxide and Methane from Constructed Wetlands in Europe

^a Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research–Soil and Environment Division, Frederik A. Dahls vei 20, 1432 Ås, Norway
^b Institute of Primary Production and Microbial Ecology, The Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
^c North Ostrobothnia Regional Environment Centre (NOREC), P.O. Box 124, 90101 Oulu, Finland
^d Department of Environmental Sciences, Bioteknia 2, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
^e AGH-University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Environmental Physics, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
^f Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, PL 4300, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
^g University of Tartu, Institute of Geography, 46 Vanemuise Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
^h Finnish Environmental Institute (SYKE), P.O. BOX 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Fluxes of N2O–N (mg m–2 d–1) (mean and standard error of the mean [SE]) from various sections within each examined constructed wetland. (a) and (b) Free surface water (FSW) wetlands; (c) and (d) overland and groundwater flow (OGF) wetlands; (e) and (f) horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) wetlands; (g) and (h) vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) wetlands for the summer and winter seasons, respectively.

View larger version (44K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Fluxes of CH4–C (mg m–2 d–1) (mean and standard error of the mean [SE]) from various sections within each examined constructed wetland. (a) and (b) Free surface water (FSW) wetlands; (c) and (d) overland and groundwater flow (OGF) wetlands; (e) and (f) horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) wetlands; (g) and (h) vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) wetlands for the summer and winter seasons, respectively.

View larger version (47K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Fluxes of CO2–C (mg m–2 d–1) (mean and standard error of the mean [SE]) from various sections within each examined constructed wetland. (a) and (b) Free surface water (FSW) wetlands; (c) and (d) overland and groundwater flow (OGF) wetlands; (e) and (f) horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) wetlands; (g) and (h) vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) wetlands for the summer and winter seasons, respectively.