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Occurrence and Rates of Terminal Electron-Accepting Processes and Recharge Processes in Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Subsurface

^a Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
^b Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 96, FI-02151 ESPOO, Finland

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Location of the sampling points G4, G17, and G18, and the ground water monitoring wells MW2, MW3, MW8, MW9, MW11, DEMOGW4, DEMOGW6, and the piezometer DEMOGM20 at the Trollberget site. The core of the plume is indicated with dark gray color and the fringes of the plume with a light gray color. The arrows indicate the distances and directions to points G4, DEMOGW4, and DEMOGW6. Direction to the north (N) is indicated with a thick arrow.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Schematic drawing of the soil sections at point G18 and in the vicinity of the point G17 at the Trollberget site. At point G18, the soil profile comprised following units: Unit A; fine sand (filling soil), Unit B; coarse sand (filling soil), Unit C; garbage-containing sand (filling soil), Unit D; layer with very low water conductivity, high oil and organic matter content (filling soil), Unit E; fine littoral sand, Unit F; coarse sand. A layer of perched ground water (P), approximately 0.2 m in thickness, above the unit D is indicated. The approximate level of the ground water is indicated with an arrow. In the vicinity of point G17, the soil profile comprised the following units: Unit A consisted of coarse sand (filling soil), unit B of medium to fine-grained littoral sand, and unit C of shell-rich, littoral, silty sand. The position of the soil monitoring sensors (black rectangles), piezometer (DEMOGM20), and the ground water monitoring sensors in the piezometer (black circles) installed in the vicinity of points G17 at the Trollberget site, and the highest and the lowest level of ground water (arrows) from 12.5.2004 to 31.1.2005 in the piezometer, are indicated.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Concentrations of O2 (), CO2 (), and CH4 (black circle) in the soil gas (panel A and G), concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in the range C10 to C40 (black circle) and organic matter () (B and H; Tuomi et al., 2004), the rate of Fe reduction (C and I), the abundance of 16S rRNA genes belonging to Geobacteracaea (; C and I), the rate of methane production (D and J) the rate of sulfate (SO4) reduction (E and K), and the rate of denitrification (F and L), as a function of depth in the vertical soil profiles obtained from point G18 (panels A-F) and G17 (panels G-L) at the Trollberget site. The rates of Fe reduction, SO4 reduction, and denitrification in unamended and amended soil microcosms are presented with white circles () and black circles, respectively. The initial rates (Days 0–62) and potential rates (Days 145–350) of methane production in soil microcosms are presented with white circles and black circles, respectively. The gray color indicates perched ground water and ground water (A and G).

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. The daily rainfall at Tvärminne weather station (in Hanko, Finland) (A), and the water content at 0.3 m below ground surface (bgs) (B) and 1.1 m bgs (C), electric conductivity at 1.1 m bgs (D), at 1.9 bgs (E) and at 2.3 m bgs (F) in the vicinity of point G17 at the Trollberget site as measured continuously from 27.6. to 12.7.2004. Electrical conductivity (G), temperature (H), hydraulic head (I), pH (J) and redox-potential (K) in the ground water as measured continuously in the piezometer DEMOGM20 during 27 June to 12 July 2004 at the Trollberget site. The depths of each sensor in the soil and in the piezometer are indicated.