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Cadmium Leaching from Micro-Lysimeters Planted with the Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens

Experimental Findings and Modeling

^a University of Hohenheim (310), Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
^b University of Hohenheim (330), Institute of Plant Nutrition, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Irrigation scheme of the micro-lysimeter experiment. The diameter of micro-lysimeters was 12 cm.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the two-site rate-limited desorption model.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (a) Cadmium concentrations of leachates of the control, the T. caerulesens and B. juncea monocultures, and the co-cropping treatment. (b) The bottom graph shows the transpiration of treatments.

View larger version (155K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Root-morphological characteristics of Thlaspi caerulescens grown in rhizo-box culture on a heavy-metal contaminated sandy soil from a waste water irrigation area. (A) Dense formation of long, fine root hairs (length 1–2 mm, diam. <10 µm) along fine roots; (B) Local proliferation of fine roots, densely covered with root hairs; (C) Mucigel, covering root hairs and fine roots; (D) Binding of soil particles along fine roots by root hairs and mucigel.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. (a) Simulated and measured Cd concentration of the leachate of the control treatment (bare soil). Simulation was performed with a one-site rate-limited desorption model. (b) Time course of the volume flux of leachate and irrigation. The error bars indicate the standard deviations.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Simulated and measured Cd concentration of the leachate of the T. caerulescens monoculture treatment. (a) one-site rate-limited desorption model, and (b) two-site rate-limited desorption model. The error bars indicate the standard deviations.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Sensitivity analysis of the average Cd concentration of the leachate. Simulations were performed for the period from Day 0 to 91 using the two-site rate-limited desorption model. Each parameter was varied between 0.5 and 2 times the optimized value while holding the remaining parameters constant (Table 5). Simulated average Cd concentration of leachate at a relative change of 1 was 30.6 µg L–1.