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Response of Spinach and Komatsuna to Biogas Effluent Made from Source-Separated Kitchen Garbage

^a International Rice Research Institute, Crop, Soil, and Water Science Division, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
^b Research Team for Biomass Utilization, Tohoku National Agricultural Research Center, Aza Harajuku-Minami 50, Arai, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-2156 Japan

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Effects of the kitchen garbage effluent (KGE), cattle manure effluent (CME), and chemical fertilizers (NPK) on the early N uptake of spinach and komatsuna in the autumn and spring seasons. The vertical bar indicates the 95% confidence interval. ** indicates that the KGE-M plot was significantly different from the CME plot at P < 0.01.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effects of the kitchen garbage effluent (KGE), cattle manure effluent (CME), and chemical fertilizers (NPK) on the fresh yield, N uptake, and apparent N recovery rate at harvest of spinach and komatsuna in the autumn and spring seasons. The vertical bar indicates the 95% confidence interval. * and ** indicate that the KGE-M plot was significantly different from the CME plot at P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effects of the kitchen garbage effluent (KGE), cattle manure effluent (CME), and chemical fertilizers (NPK) on the residual soil NO3–N after harvest of spinach and komatsuna in the autumn and spring seasons. The vertical bar indicates the 95% confidence interval. * indicates that the KGE-M plot was significantly different from the CME plot at P < 0.05.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effects of the kitchen garbage effluent (KGE), cattle manure effluent (CME), and chemical fertilizers (NPK) on leaf nitrate ion (NO3–) concentrations of spinach and komatsuna in the autumn and spring seasons. The vertical bar indicates the 95% confidence interval. Dotted lines present nitrate concentrations in standard tables of food composition in Japan (Resources Council, Science and Technology Agency, 2000) for spinach (2 g kg–1) and for komatsuna (5 g kg–1). ** indicates that the KGE-M plot was significantly different from the CME plot at P < 0.01.