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Contrasting Pathways of Assimilation

Stable Isotope Assessment of Fish Exposure to Pulp Mill Effluents

^a Univ. of Saskatchewan, Toxicology Centre, 44 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
^b National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Potato Research Centre, 850 Lincoln Rd., Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada
^c National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Experimental design schematic for the establishment of pulp mill effluent (PME) treatments. Rainbow trout were exposed to 10% PME through the water (treatments EC and EE) and through food ingestion (treatments CE and EE). Chironomus tentans was cultured in 10% PME to alter the composition of food resources. For fish treatment designations of CC, CE, EC, and EE, C = control, E = 10% effluent; first letter refers to water exposure, and second letter to food exposure.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Survivorship of rainbow trout at the conclusion of the 10% pulp mill effluent exposure food web experiment. Sample sizes are indicated above the survivorship plot. For fish treatment designations of CC, CE, EC, and EE, C = control, E = 10% effluent; first letter refers to water exposure, and second letter to food exposure.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Stable isotope values of rainbow trout (RBT) muscle and liver tissues at the completion of the experiment averaged over replicates. Sample sizes for each of the treatment bars are as follows: CC (16), CE (11), EC (15), and EE (9). Stable isotope values for Chironomus tentans are based samples of whole organisms collected from the C. tentans culturing tanks. Error bars are standard errors. For fish treatment designations of CC, CE, EC, and EE, C = control, E = 10% effluent; first letter refers to water exposure, and second letter to food exposure.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. a) Chlorine isotope values of rainbow trout (RBT) muscle tissue and all contributing isotopic sources. Error bars are standard errors. b) Probability distributions for feasible solutions of isotope source proportions that contribute to observed 37Cl values in rainbow trout muscle tissues (IsoSource model output; Phillips and Gregg 2003). Histograms for each source contribution have been replaced by curves to facilitate interpretation. PME = 10% pulp mill effluent. For fish treatment designations of CC, CE, EC, and EE, C = control, E = 10% effluent; first letter refers to water exposure, and second letter to food exposure.