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The Current Status and Environmental Impacts of Glyphosate-Resistant Crops

A Review

^a Brazilian Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Embrapa/Environment, C.P. 69, Jaguariuna-SP-13820-000, Brazil
^b USDA-ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, P.O. Box 8048, University, MS 38677, USA

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Worldwide area of major crops. (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2003).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Adoption of glyphosate-resistant soybean and cotton in the U.S.A. by year. (Duke, 2005; USDA–ERS, 2005a).

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Comparison of impacts of typical herbicide regimes for conventional, compared with glyphosate-resistant sugarbeet in the UK and Germany in terms of energy requirements (MJ), global warming potential [kg carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent], and ozone depletion [kg chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) 11 equivalent] per functional unit. UKA and UKB are two different herbicide regimes used with non-transgenic sugarbeet in the UK, GER is a typical herbicide regime used with non-transgenic sugarbeet in Germany, and Ht is with use of glyphosate only with glyphosate-resistant sugarbeet (Bennett et al., 2004).

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effect of glyphosate addition dose on soil carbon mineralization. Carbon mineralized from basal microbial respiration in control samples has been subtracted. The 1, 2, 3, and 5X represent glyphosate addition doses of 47, 94, 140, and 234 mg ai kg–1 soil, respectively. Error bars indicate ± 1 standard deviation (Haney et al., 2000).

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Soybean tillage methods by hectares farmed in the U.S.A. in 1996 and 2001. In 1996 and 2001, there were 19.2 and 23 million ha, respectively, of soybeans grown (American Soybean Association, 2001).

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Tillage practices and glyphosate-resistant soybean use by hectares in the USA in 1996 and 2001. (American Soybean Association, 2001).