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Published online 6 July 2006
Published in J Environ Qual 35:1260-1268 (2006)
DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0229
© 2006 American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America
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Root Penetration of Sealing Layers Made of Fly Ash and Sewage Sludge

Clara Neuschütz*, Eva Stoltz and Maria Greger

Department of Botany, Stockholm University, Lilla Frescativ 5, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Container used for the cultivation of plants. Each container consisted of eight compartments, and in each compartment one plant or 1.0 g of seeds was introduced.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Plot of alkalinity and EC50 of extracts from five different fly ashes. The two highly alkaline ash extracts affect plants at low concentrations, while those with lower alkalinity are less toxic (n = 3 for calculation of EC50, using one extraction of each fly ashes).

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. pH before and after pea cultivation in dilution series of two of the ash extracts used in the toxicity test. These are extracts of fly ashes with (a) high and (b) low alkalinity, originating from the incineration of bio fuel (BA1) and wood construction waste (WA), respectively. Seedlings growing in dilutions in which the pH decreased to below 7 all displayed growth similar to that of the controls (n = 3, ±SE).

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. pH at start and after 48 h in three dilutions of extract of alkaline bio fly ash, with and without pea cultivation. Results from aerated solutions are shown in Fig. 4a, and from non-aerated solutions in Fig. 4b. The dilutions with the ash extract concentrations 0.01, 0.05, and 0.20 (m3 m–3) had following alkalinities: 1.1, 5.4, and 21.6 (mmol HCO3– dm–3), respectively (n = 3, ±SE).

 




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Copyright © 2006 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.