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Environmental Impact of Irrigation in La Violada District (Spain)

I. Salt Export Patterns

Unidad de Suelos y Riegos, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA-DGA) and Laboratorio de Agronomía y Medio Ambiente (DGA-CSIC), Apdo. 727, 50080-Zaragoza, Spain

View larger version (60K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Location of La Violada Gully watershed upstream of the D-14 monitoring station. Drainage network, sampling points, and irrigation canals limiting La Violada Irrigation District.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Electrical conductivity (EC) and Cl– of La Violada Gully waters at the D-14 monitoring station (D-14), drainage waters (Qd) of La Violada Irrigation District (VID), ground water inflows into VID (Qg), and bypass water and operational losses from Monegros Canal (Qo) from December 1994 to April 1997.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Electrical conductivity (EC) and Cl– in 25 July and 8 Aug. 1995 for La Violada Gully water at the monitoring station (D-14) and its three end-members (ground water inflows, Qg; drainage waters from La Violada Irrigation District, Qd; and canal waters, Qo).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Stacked area chart showing surface (Qo) and subsurface (Qd) flows estimated by hydrograph separation at the D-14 monitoring station of La Violada Gully and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nine 48-h surveys performed in the 1995 irrigation season (from 16–18 May to 19–21 September).

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Mean bihourly values of electrical conductivity (EC) versus instant flow (Qi) for the nine intensive surveys performed in the 1995 irrigation season.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Harmonic series fitted to Qd (open squares) (subsurface drainage flows) and Qo (filled squares) (surface flows). Bars show the standard error of the differences between Qd and Qo instant values and their respective daily means.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Electrical conductivity (EC) and Cl– in the end-members considered: canal water (Qo), drainage water from La Violada Irrigation District (Qd), and ground water inflows (Qg); and in La Violada Gully water (D-14) used for the end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) during the irrigation season 1996.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Stacked area chart showing surface flows (Qo), subsurface drainage flows (Qd), and ground water inflows (Qg) along the 1996 irrigation season identified in La Violada Gully at the D-14 monitoring station through end-member mixing analysis (EMMA). The daily precipitation during this period is also shown.

View larger version (44K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Mean monthly values of flow (Q), salt load (L), and flow-weighted total dissolved solids (TDS) of La Violada Gully waters at the D-14 monitoring station in the 1995 to 1998 hydrological years. The irrigation seasons are shaded.