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Spatiotemporal Evolution of Soil pH and Zinc after the Aznalcóllar Mine Spill

^a CIFA "Las Torres-Tomejil", I.F.A.P.A. -C.I.C.E. (Junta de Andalucía), Ctra. Sevilla-Cazalla, km 12,2, 41200 Alcalá del Río, Sevilla, Spain
^b CIFA "Alameda del Obispo", I.F.A.P.A.-C.I.C.E. (Junta de Andalucía), 14080 Córdoba, Spain;
^c Dep. of Agronomy, University of Córdoba,Avda. Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Rainfall at the nearby weather station of Pilas from 1 Jan. 1998 to 31 Mar. 2002. Also the sampling dates and the dates of two sugar beet foam (SBF) applications are shown.

View larger version (72K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Location of the 916 sampling points within the study area, according to the 11 sampling dates. The background gray-scale map represents local relative topography.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Box-and-whisker plots for pH, EDTA-extractable Zn concentration (Zn), and ln-transformed EDTA-extractable Zn (ln Zn) concentration, on the 11 sampling dates. Also, the moment of both sugar beet foam (SBF) applications is indicated.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Changing relationship between pH and ln-transformed EDTA-extractable Zn (ln Zn) concentrations during the monitoring period. All correlation coefficients, except for May 2001, were significant at the = 0.01 level.

View larger version (58K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Classified normal score pH maps for the 11 sampling dates, according to a threshold value of pH = 4. The map at the lower right-hand corner shows the number of sampling dates on which pH < 4.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Cross-validation mean error (ME) and mean absolute error (MAE) for pH and EDTA-extractable Zn concentration (Zn) on the 11 sampling dates.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Box-and-whisker plots of the cross-validation errors for pH and EDTA-extractable Zn concentration (Zn), on the 11 sampling dates.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Cumulative frequency distributions of pH and EDTA-extractable Zn concentration on consecutive sampling dates before and after the sugar beet foam (SBF) applications of (a) February 2000 and (b) November 2000.

View larger version (84K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Difference maps for (a) pH and (b) EDTA-extractable Zn concentration for consecutive sampling dates before and after the sugar beet foam (SBF) applications of February 2000 and November 2000. The zero difference contour is also represented.

View larger version (62K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Cumulative frequency distributions and difference maps for pH and EDTA-extractable Zn concentration on the first and last sampling date of the monitoring period. The zero difference contour is also represented.