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Upland Disturbance Affects Headwater Stream Nutrients and Suspended Sediments during Baseflow and Stormflow

^a Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6036
^b Department of Biological Sciences, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5407

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Map showing the 10 study catchments located on the Fort Benning Military Installation near Columbus, Georgia. Study catchments include two tributaries of Bonham Creek (BC1, BC2), three tributaries of Sally Branch Creek (SB2, SB3, and SB4); two tributaries of Kings Mill Creek (KM1, KM2); one tributary of Little Pine Knot Creek (LPK); Hollis Branch Creek (HB); and Lois Creek (LC).

View larger version (124K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Photographs of disturbed upland areas and stream study sites from the Fort Benning Military Installation. (A) Heavily disturbed upland area. (B) Unpaved road with eroded gullies. (C) Stream site from a low disturbance catchment (Lois Creek, LC). (D) Stream site from a high disturbance catchment (Sally Branch tributary, SB4).

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Seasonal mean discharge and suspended sediment concentrations during baseflow sampling across all streams. (A) Discharge, (B) total suspended sediment (TSS), (C) inorganic suspended sediment (ISS), (D) organic suspended sediment (OSS), (E) dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and (F) soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Separate bars are shown for each year. Error bars are one standard error. Letters indicate where significant differences exist among seasons (p < 0.05; Scheffé adjustment for multiple comparisons). Years were pooled for the statistical analysis. Sample size ranges from 18 to 21 depending on year and season.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Relationship between disturbance and baseflow concentrations of (A) total suspended sediment (TSS) and (B) inorganic suspended sediment (ISS). Error bars are one standard error. Trend lines are shown for significant relationships (p < 0.05). Regressions statistics are shown in Table 2. Stream BC1 (tributary of Bonham Creek) was excluded from statistical analyses (see Results).

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Relationship between disturbance and baseflow concentrations of (A) total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), (B) soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), (C) dissolved organic carbon (DOC), (D) pH, and (E) dissolved silica (Si). Error bars are one standard error; error bars are not visible in (D) because they do not extend beyond data points. Dashed trend line shown for marginally significant regression (p = 0.06); solid trend lines are shown for significant (p < 0.05) regressions. Regression statistics are shown in Table 2. Stream BC1 (tributary of Bonham Creek) was excluded from statistical analyses (see Results).

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Discharge and suspended sediment and solute concentrations in two streams during a storm 29–30 January 2003. The left column shows data from Lois Creek (LC), which drains a relatively low disturbance catchment, and the right column shows data from a tributary of Sally Branch (SB3), which drains a relatively high disturbance catchment (see Table 1). The points to the left and separated from the others in (C)–(J) represent pre-storm values determined from samples collected about 1 d before the storm. Rainfall totaled 33 mm during the period from 2000 h 29 September to 1600 h 30 September as measured at a site within 10 km of each stream. Dashed line marks peak discharge for the storms. Note that y axis scale differs between left and right columns for discharge [(A) and (B)].

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Example concentration vs. discharge plots for (A) total suspended sediment (TSS), (B) SO42–, and (C) NO3–. Data are from Tributary 2 of Kings Mill Creek (KM2) on 11 July 2002. Arrows point from beginning to end of storm.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Relationship between maximum change in concentration during a storm (= maximum storm concentration – baseflow concentration) and disturbance for (A) total suspended sediment (TSS), (B) inorganic suspended sediment (ISS), (C) organic suspended sediment (OSS) (note different scale of the y axis), (D) soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and (E) nitrate (NO3–). Data points are stream averages. Error bars are one standard error. Spearman rank correlational analysis results are given in each panel. Stream BC1 (tributary of Bonham Creek) was excluded from statistical analyses (see Results).