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Fall Fertilization Timing Effects on Nitrate Leaching and Turfgrass Color and Growth

Department of Plant Science, Unit 4067, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT 06269-4067

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Side view schematic of soil monolith lysimeter and collection vessel.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Monthly precipitation with 30-yr normal precipitation (a), and mean monthly temperatures with 30-yr normal mean monthly temperatures (b), collected at Storrs, CT, USA.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Mean concentrations of NO3–N in percolate water collected under turfgrass plots in Connecticut from 15 May 2001 to 14 May 2003. Treatments are date of fall fertilization: 15 September, 15 October, 15 November, 15 December, or control (no fall fertilizer).

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Box-and-whiskers plots of non-flow-weighted NO3–N concentration observed in percolate water below turfgrass plots in Connecticut from 15 May 2001 to 14 May 2003. Treatments are date of fall fertilization: control (no fall fertilizer), 15 September, 15 October, 15 November, or 15 December. Analysis of variance indicates differences in mean log10 concentration among treatments (p < 0.0001). Same letters indicate log10 mean concentration not significantly different according to Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test with Kramer's adjustment ( = 0.05).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Mean cumulative mass of NO3–N in percolate water collected under turfgrass plots in Connecticut across two years. Treatments are date of fall fertilization: 15 September, 15 October, 15 November, or 15 December, or control (no fall fertilizer).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Yearly mean cumulative mass of NO3–N in percolate water collected below turfgrass plots in Connecticut from 15 May 2001 to 14 May 2003. Treatments are date of fall fertilization: control (no fall fertilizer), 15 September, 15 October, 15 November, or 15 December. A linear regression relating mean NO3–N mass collected in percolate water to the date of fertilizer application is shown. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Plots of least square (LS) means from repeated measures analyses of color measurements, reflectance index, leaf chlorophyll concentration, and clipping yield measurements from March 2001 to May 2003 on turfgrass plots. Treatments are date of fall fertilization: control (no fall fertilizer), 15 September, 15 October, 15 November, or 15 December. Error bars indicate standard error of the LS mean from repeated measures analyses. Significant differences were found among treatments for Commission Internationale de l' Eclairage (CIE) hue (p < 0.0001), CIE lightness (p < 0.0001), chlorophyll concentration (p = 0.0003), reflectance index (p < 0.0001), and dry matter clipping yield (p = 0.0011). Same letters within a plot indicate means not significantly different according to least significant difference test with Tukey–Kramer adjustment ( = 0.05).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Plots of means for shoot density and root plus rhizome mass during April of 2002 and 2003 on turfgrass plots in Connecticut. Treatments are date of fall fertilization: control (no fall fertilizer), 15 September, 15 October, 15 November, or 15 December. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. Orthogonal contrasts from ANOVA indicate fall fertilized treatments greater than control for shoot density for each year (p = 0.034 for 2002 and p = 0.049 for 2003), with no differences among fall fertilized treatments. No differences were found among root mass means for either year.