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Effect of Corn Root Exudates on the Degradation of Atrazine and Its Chlorinated Metabolites in Soils

^a Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853
^b University of Zurich, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
^c Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
^d FAL) Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
^e Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITO), ETH Zurich, Grabenstrasse 3, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland

View larger version (10K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Chemical structures of (A) investigated triazine compounds, (B) benzoxazinones, and (C) benzoxazolinones.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effect of DIMBOA on the degradation of atrazine, desethylatrazine (DEA), and desisopropylatrazine (DIA) in H2O for the DIMBOA to pesticides ratios of 1:1, 20:1, and 100:1.

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–mass spectrometry (MS) investigation of the 1:1 DIMBOA + atrazine reaction mixture: (A) base peak chromatogram (BPC) and (B–F) electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra corresponding to the labeled signals at retention time (tr) 9.7, 13.7, 14.2, 16.7, and 19.1 min, respectively.

View larger version (55K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Treatment effects on the (A) root and (B) shoot biomass production (g plant–1) of corn (Zea mays L. cv. LG 2185). Columns with no common index are significantly different at P 0.05.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Formation of hydroxylated metabolites in the nutrient solutions per day (µmol L–1 d–1), where plants were exposed to 10 mg L–1 of either atrazine, desethylatrazine (DEA), or desisopropylatrazine (DIA). Atrazine treatment: hydroxyatrazine (ATZOH); DEA treatment: hydroxydesethylatrazine (DEAOH); DIA treatment: hydroxydesisopropylatrazine (DIAOH).

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of corn root exudates. (A) Base peak chromatogram (BPC) of root exudates; (B) extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) at m/z 178 (corresponding to HMBOA-H2O which occurs in the ion source); (C) EIC at m/z 178 of the exudates sample spiked with pure HMBOA; (D) electrospray ionization (ESI)–MS at 11.6 min of the exudates samples; (E) ESI–MS at 11.6 min of the exudates sample spiked with pure HMBOA.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Mass balance of pesticide removal from nutrient solutions. The numbers at the top of the columns correspond to the total removal of atrazine, desethylatrazine (DEA), or desisopropylatrazine (DIA) (expressed in µmol) from the solution within the experimental time of 11 d.