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Root Exudation, Phosphorus Acquisition, and Microbial Diversity in the Rhizosphere of White Lupine as Affected by Phosphorus Supply and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration

^a Creative Research Initiative ‘Sousei’ (CRIS), Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
^b Institute of Soil Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Strasse 27, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
^c Institute of Plant Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 20, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
^d Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Citrate accumulation in the rhizosphere of lateral roots (N) and young (Y), mature (M), and senescent (S) cluster roots of white lupine at 27 days after transplanting (DAT) as affected by P supply and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Data represent means and SD of five replicates.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Activities of acid phosphatase (a, b), alkaline phosphatase (c, d), and chitinase (e, f) in the rhizosphere of lateral roots (N) and young (Y), mature (M), and senescent (S) cluster roots of white lupine at 27 and 35 days after transplanting (DAT) as affected by P supply and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Data represent means and SD of independent determination.

View larger version (50K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Activity staining of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the rhizosphere of white lupine separated by isoelectric focusing. Isoelectric point (pI) 4.7 (indicated with an arrow) is identical with the root-secretory acid phosphatase (Ozawa et al., 1995).

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Two-dimensional plot for enzyme activities of N, P, and C cycles in the rhizosphere of white lupine at 27 days after transplanting (DAT), depending on P nutritional status and atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

View larger version (64K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. (a) Band pattern of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyte and (b) corresponding cluster analysis for rhizosphere bacteria of white lupine under ambient atmospheric CO2 concentrations at 27 days after transplanting (DAT).

View larger version (50K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Number of bands detected by 16S rDNA denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of rhizosphere bacteria in white lupine at 27 days after transplanting (DAT) under ambient (A) and elevated (E) CO2 concentrations. To equalize the band numbers detected among all gels, the relative numbers based on young cluster roots of the ambient CO2 and +P treatment (=1.0) are shown.